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Evolution of knowledge creation and diffusion: the revisit of Taiwan’s Hsinchu Science Park

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Abstract

The Hsinchu Science Park in Taiwan has been synonymous with dynamic and flourishing high-tech industries and companies since the 1980s. Using patent citation data, this empirical study shows that Taiwan’s Hsinchu Science Park is a healthy and knowledge-based cluster surrounded by the semiconductor sector, in which external knowledge is continuously playing an important role, while internalized capability is building up quickly; new and extended industrial clusters are being established by the growth of new ventures; and the linkages of capital, manpower, and technology flows are conducted respectively by the large business groups, the NTHU and NCTU, and the ITRI in the region. Subsequent sectors, repeating the successful model created by and catalyzed from the semiconductor sector are flourishing; the thin-film transistor-liquid crystal display (TFT-LCD) and integrated circuit (IC) design sectors have been growing rapidly since the beginning of the 2000s, and the solar photovoltaic and LED (Light-Emitting Diode) sectors emerged quickly in mid-2005. The continuous evolving and growing industries along with the significant increase of value added in the Hsinchu Science Park have demonstrated it is acting as a healthy and vivid innovation region. The policy implications derived from this study can thus shed light, for the Southeast Asian, Latin American or other latecomers, on the strategies for formulating regional research and innovation policies in the process of developing a knowledge-based economy.

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Notes

  1. The ‘Two Trillion & Twin Star’ Project aims to reach NT$1 trillion (approximately US$31.5 billion) production value for the semiconductor and optoelectronics industries respectively, while promoting the digital content and biotechnology industries as potential stars (HSP 2009). The goal for Two Trillion has been achieved in 2006, but the growth of the digital content and biotechnology industries has been limited (Dodgson et al. 2008).

  2. It is widely recognized that the USPTO, European Patent Office (EPO), and Japan Patent Office (JPO) are the world’s three major patent authorities. However, this study only employs the USPTO as major database based on three reasons. First, important inventions, regardless of origin, are likely to be patented in the USPTO, especially for Taiwan and the East Asian latecomer countries that have intimate historical and economic linkage with the US. Second, the patent database in the EPO and JPO do not provide comprehensive information for forward citation, backward citation, and scientific linkage, especially in the early years (as needed by this study). Third, it is found that Taiwan has much less patenting activity in the EPO and JPO compare with the USPTO, which may be derived from the fact that Taiwan is neither the member of the WIPO nor of the PCT (Patent Cooperation Treaty).

  3. ipIQ (formerly CHI Research) is a leading Intellectual Property consulting firm, providing technology-oriented services, including IP-related industry surveys and reports to firms contemplating acquisitions. The company has formulated various measures for patenting quality (famous for its Patent Scoreboard™ to identify the world’s leading innovators in industries). These measures are deployed through own calculations in this study.

  4. Note that patent citation rates differ by technology and strictly speaking, comparisons should be made only within similar technology groups. However in the case of the Hsinchu innovation region, given the technological closeness and interdisciplinary development of the high-tech industries of the region, this issue can be overlooked, focussing only on comparisons of innovative activity across the eight sectors.

  5. Due to lower patenting rates in the other five sectors, namely PC & peripherals, communications, precision machinery, biotechnology, and academia, their sector-level knowledge flows reports are omitted. However, the data can be provided upon request.

  6. Both UMC and TSMC were spin-offs from the public research institute ITRI, since the development of the semiconductor sector was selected as the priority for the national strategy in the 1980s (Mathews and Hu 2007).

  7. Hon Hai or Foxconn Group is Taiwan’s top manufacturing company as well as the World’s top EMS (Electronics Manufacturing Service) company.

  8. Even though the share of knowledge source from ‘others’ takes 12.3% (as shown in Table 2), it represents the add-up amount from six countries.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. National Tsing Hua University, Institute of Technology Management, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan

    Mei-Chih Hu

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Appendix

Appendix

Semiconductors (186 companies)

United Microelectronics Corp.

Sino-American Silicon Products Inc.

Kest Systems & Service Ltd.

Syntek Semiconductor Co., Ltd.

Mosel Vitelic Inc.

Episil Technologies Inc.

Taiwan Semiconductor Mfg Co. Ltd.

Advanced Microelectronic Product, Inc.

Silicon Integrated Systems Corp

Taiwan Hi-Tech Corp.

Vate Technology Co., Ltd.

Taiwan MA SK Corporation

E-Cmos Corporation

Realtek Semiconductor Corp.

Weltrend Semiconductor Incorporated

Macronix, International Co., Ltd.

Integrated Circuit Solution Inc.

Etron Technology Inc.

Micro Lithography, Inc. (Taiwan)

Myson Century Inc.

Syntest Technologies Inc. Taiwan

Analog Integrations Corp.

Faraday Technology Corporation

Applied Materials Taiwan, Ltd.

Sunplus Technology Co., Ltd.

Elan Microelectronics Corporation

TM Technology Inc.

Taisil Electronic Materials Corporation

Vanguard International Semiconductor

Powerchip Technology Corporation

ASIX Electronics Corp. Ltd.

UTAC (Taiwan) Corporation

Silicon Based Technology, Corp.

SHIN-ETSU Handotai Taiwan Co., Ltd.

LAM Research Co., Ltd.

AVID Electronics Corp.

RORZE Technology Incorporated

INTECH Taiwan Company

Springsoft Inc.

ITE Tech. Inc.

Brilliance Semiconductor Inc.

Key Technology Corp.

Fortuna Technologies Inc.

Explore Microelectronics Inc.

Global Mixed-Mode Technology, Inc.

Innotest Inc.

Davicom Semiconductor, Inc.

Promos Technologies Inc.

Eutrend Technology Inc.

Phoenix Silicon International Corp.

Nova Tek Microelectronics Corp.

Mediatek Inc.

AMIC Technology Corporation

Chipbond Technology Corporation

Chipmos Technologies Inc.

Photronics Semiconductor Mask Corp.

Metrodyne Co., Ltd.

Silicon Touch Technology Inc.

Evermore Technology Inc.

Anpec Electronics Corporation

Elite Semiconductor Memory Technology

Acute Technology Corp.

Holtek Semiconductor Incorporation

Chingis Technology Corporation

Precsion Silicon Corp.

Global Unichip Corp.

Topro Technology Inc.

Champion Microelectronic Corp.

HiMARK Technology Inc.

PIXART Imaging, Inc.

VXIS Technology Corporation

RDC Semiconductor Co., Ltd.

ENE Technology Inc.

Siliconware Precision Industries

Syncmos Technologies Inc.

Ememory Technology Inc.

Axcelis Technologies, Ltd.

SST Taiwan Ltd.

Terax Communication Technologies Inc.

EE Solutions Inc.

GIGA Solution Technology Co., Ltd.

Fu Sheng Industrial Co., Ltd. Sip Branch

Denmos Technology Inc.

Welkin Technologies, Inc.

Asia Pacific Microsystems, Inc.

Goyatek Technology Inc.

Elansat Technologies Inc.

Raio Technology Incorporation

Digiwell Technology Inc.

Airoha Technology Inc.

Syntronix Corporation

Advanced Alnlog Technology, Inc.

Magic Pixel Inc.

Chiplus Semiconductor Corp.

Jmicron Technology Corp.

Etoms Electronics Corp.

Atheros Technology Taiwan Corporation

CMSC, Inc.

Innochip Technology Inc.

Integrated System Solution Corp.

VastView Technology Inc.

Allied Integrated Patterning Corporation

Enova Technology Corporation

Mobile Magic Design Corporation

SPIROX Corporation Hsinchu Science Park

Taiwan Semicon-Tech. Service Company

Leadtrend Technology Corporation

Skymedi Corporation

Sunext Technology Co., Ltd.

Youngtek Electronics Corp. Science-Base

Cion Technology Corporation

WYS SoC Corporation

Ambarella Taiwan LTD.

Incentia Design Systems Corp.

Zentel Electronics Corp.

WavePlus Technology Co., Ltd.

Asuka Semiconductor Inc.

LTTE-ON Semiconductor Corp., Hsinchu Branch

VisEra Technologies Company Ltd.

Andes Technology Corporation

Alchip Technologies, Inc.

Anwell Semiconductor Corporation

DuPont Taiwan Limited (Hsin-Chu Branch)

AMIC Communication Corporation

Taiwan Microelectronics Technologies Inc.

StarChips Technology Inc.

STATS ChipPAC Taiwan, Co., Ltd.

Materials Analysis Technology Inc. Science Park Branch

Prolific Technology Inc., Hsin-Chu Branch

Mars Semiconductor Corp.

Avisonic Technology Corporation

InfoMax Communication Co., Ltd.

MioDioTek Co. Ltd.

Key Asic Inc.

DNP Photomask Technology Taiwan co., Ltd.

MaxRise Inc.

Imagic Technology Co., Ltd.

Sunplus mMobile Inc.

Sunplus Innovation Technology Inc.

Raydium Semiconductor Corporation

AMOS Technologies Inc.

Tunable Optix Corporation

Ulead Technology Inc.

Sunplus mMedia Inc.

APM Communication, Inc.

Generalplus Technology Inc.

LIONIC Corp.

Xintec Inc. Hsinchu Branch

Sunplus Core Technology Co., Ltd.

ZillTek Technology Corporation

MuChip Co., Ltd.

Wafre Works Corp. SBIP Branch

Grenergy Poto. Inc.

InvenSense Taiwan Company Ltd.

ASPEED Technology Inc.

Maxchip Electronics Corporation

FS-Semi Co., Ltd.

Spatial Photonics, Inc.

Nuvoton Technology Corporation

Lyontek Inc.

IPworks Technology Corporation

Yeedex Ceratec Corporation

Vasstek International Corporation

Art Anaglog, Inc.

Innotek Semiconductor Corporation

Sinopower Semiconductor Inc.

PowerFlash Technology Corp.

Integrated Service Technology Inc.-HSP Branch

ClarIDy Solution, Inc.

IMU Solutions, Inc.

Trendchip Technologies Corp.

uPI Semiconductor Corporation

Elite Silicon Technology Inc.

HT mMobile Inc.

AXElite Technology Co., Ltd.

Metanoia Communication Inc.

Macrotech Technology Inc.

GlandTex Corporation

Wintram Technology Inc.

Unimicron Technology Corp. Hsinchu Science Park

KeyStone Semiconductor Corp.

Skyviia Corporation

iCatch Technology, Inc.

MOS Art Pack Corporation

Winyatek Technology Inc.

Standaed Technology Service Incorporated-HSP Branch

Opt-electronics (69 companies)

Princo Corp.

Opto Tech Corporation

K Laser Technology Inc.

TYNTEK Corporation

SINONAR Corp.

Trend Tone Imaging, Inc.

Hexawave Inc.

Cyntec Co., Ltd.

Oriental System Technology Inc.

Prime View International Co., Ltd.

Coretronic Corporation

Nexcell Battery Co., Ltd.

Yuasa Technology Inc.

SHIN-ETSU Opto Electronic Co., Ltd.

Foci Fiber Optic Communications, Inc.

Au Optronics Corp.

Epistar Corporation

Lightwave Link, Inc.

Source Photonics Taiwan, Inc.

Excellence Optoelectronics Inc.

Altek Corporation

Synergy Scientech Corp.

Truelight Corporation, Ltd.

Browave Corporation

Glory Praise Photronics Corp.

LITE-ON IT Corporation Hsinchu Branch

Orgchem Technologies, Inc.

OCP Asia Inc.

HC Photonics Corporation

Xtera Technology Inc.

Coretek Opto Corporation

Young Optics Inc.

Everest Display Incorporation

Integrated Crystal Technology, Inc.

DelSolar Co., Ltd.

Optivision Technology Incorporated

Cheng UEI Precision Ind., Co., Ltd. Hsinchu

Sumika Technology Co., Ltd. Hsinchu Branch

A-Optronics Technology Inc.

Cinetron Technology Inc.

Luminescence Technology Corp.

Tear Xtal Technology Corporation

Silicon Optronics, Inc.

GDH Co., Ltd.

Neo Solar Power Corporation

Crystal Applied Technology Inc.

Compound Solar Technology Co., Ltd.

Crystal Light Optotech Inc.

Nolvate Advanced Ltd.

Topunion Globaltek Inc.

Philips & Lite-On Digital Solutions Corporation Hsinchu Science Park Branch

Alpha Xtal Technology Corporation

Camels Vision Technologies Inc.

Lof Solar Corp.

Young Lighting Technology Inc.

Silicon Base Development Inc.

LeXtar Electronics Corp.

Jasper Display Corp.

Applied Green Light Taiwan, Inc.

KlSmart Corporation Hsinchu Science Park Branch

Harvatek Corporation Hsinchu Science Park Branch

Coretronic Display Solution Co.

CN-J Technology Co., Ltd.

EcoLighting Inc.

KoBrite Taiwan Corporation

MeiKei Technology Corporation, Ltd.

Yantouch Corporation

Crystalwise Technology Inc.

Yun Chang Technology Co., Ltd.

Communications (43 companies)

Quartz Frequency Technology Ltd.

Tecom Co. Ltd.

Microelectronics Technology, Inc.

United Fiber Optic Communication Inc.

Zyxel Communications Corporation

Transystem Inc.

LOOP Telecommunication International Inc.

Opnet Technologies Co., Ltd.

Wincomm Corporation

Hitron Technologies Inc. Shinchu Sbip Su

Tellus Group Corp.

Baycom Opto-Electronics Tech. Co., Ltd.

Z-COM, Inc.

Uwin Technologies Co., Ltd.

Airwave Technologies, Inc.

Global PCS Inc.

Arlotto Comnet Inc.

Innomedia Technology Inc.

Nutex Communications Corp.

Aero Vision Avionics, Inc.

Telesynergy Technology Inc.

Mimix Asia, Inc.

Handllnk Technologies Inc.

Rayson Technology Co., Ltd. Hsin-Cu Sip Branch

Fiber Logic Communications, Inc.

Yoda Communications, Inc.

Proscend Communications Inc.

Sumtel Communications, Inc.

Kopin Taiwan Corporation

Acer Neweb Corporation

Link-Wave Aerospace Technology Inc.

Benq Corporation Hsin-Chu Branch

HOLUX Technology, Inc.

AnNeal Technology Inc.

Accton Wireless Broadband Corp.

Universal Scientific Industrial Co., Ltd SIPA Branch

Navisys Technology Corp.

Soundwin Network Inc.

Fontaltech Technology Incorporation

SmartAnt Telecom Co., Ltd.

Wamin Optocomm Mfg. Corporation

Sensing Tek Co., Ltd.

Zavio Inc.

PC & Perherial (23 companies)

Flow Asia Corporation

Micropore, Inc.

Mirle Automation Corp.

Atop Technologies Inc.

Luren Precision Co., Ltd.

Advanced Combustion Technology

LTI Drives Co., Ltd.

Machvision Inc.

TOPCO E&M Systems, Inc.

Hermes Microvision, Inc.

Advanced Ion Beam Technology, Inc.

ULVAC, Taiwan Inc., HSP Branch

C SUN Mfg. Ltd (HSP Branch)

ULVAC Research Center TAIWAN Inc

Arch Meter Corporation

Gallant Precision Machining Co., Ltd.

Tokyo Electron Taiwan Limited

Laser Life Company HSIP Branch

Premtek International Inc. Hsinchu Science Park Branch

Archers System, Inc.

Hermes Epitek Corporation Hsin-Chu Science Park Branch

Garsen Scientech Corp.

Innoteck Co., Ltd.

Biotechnology (16 companies)

General Biologicals Corp.

Evernew Biotech Inc.

Grand Biotechnology Co., Ltd.

Applied Sciences Corp.

United Orthopedic Corp.

Taiwan Biotech Co., Science

Caleb Pharmaceuticals, Inc

Apex Biotechnology Corporation

BIOPTIK Technology Inc. Scie

Radiant Innovation Inc

Agnitio Science &Technology, INC.

Lightmed Corporation

ACTHERM Inc.

EPS Bio Technology Corp.

BioLite, Inc.

North-vision Tech. Inc.

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Hu, MC. Evolution of knowledge creation and diffusion: the revisit of Taiwan’s Hsinchu Science Park. Scientometrics 88, 949–977 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-011-0427-5

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