Skip to main content
Springer Nature Link
Log in

Observations of Spawning Behaviour in Salmoninae: Salmo, Oncorhynchus and Salvelinus

  • Published:
Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Long-term data from underwater video recordings in the wild and semi-natural channels are compared to the current literature to review the reproductive behaviour of fishes in the subfamily Salmoninae. Male alternative strategies and tactics are discussed. Reproductive behaviour in Salmoninae is divided into different phases related to female nest selection, construction, and completion. Still underwater video frames are used to support conclusions drawn on spawning behaviour.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Explore related subjects

Discover the latest articles and news from researchers in related subjects, suggested using machine learning.

References

  • J. Alcock (1993) Animal Behavior: An Evolutionary Approach EditionNumber5 Sinauer Associates, Inc. Sunderland, MA 625

    Google Scholar 

  • M. Andersson (1994) Sexual selection Princeton University Press Princeton, NJ 599

    Google Scholar 

  • Armstrong, R.H. and Morrow, J.E. (1980) The Dolly Varden charr, Salvelinus malma. In: Balon, E.K. (ed.), Charrs:Salmonid Fishes of the Genus Salvelinus. Dr W Junk, The Hague, pp. 99–140.

  • R.A. Bachman (1991) The brown trout J. Stolz J. Schnell (Eds) Trout The Wildlife Series Stackpole Books Harrisburg, PA 208–229

    Google Scholar 

  • B.T. Barlaup H. Lura H. Saegrov R.C. Sundt (1994) ArticleTitleInter- and intra-specific variability in female salmonid spawning behaviour Can. J. Zool. 72 636–642 Occurrence Handle10.1139/z94-086

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • A.J. Bateman (1948) ArticleTitleIntra-sexual selection in Drosophila Heredity 2 349–368 Occurrence Handle10.1038/hdy.1948.21 Occurrence Handle18103134 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaH1M%2FgsVOgsg%3D%3D

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • T.D. Beacham C.B. Murray (1985) ArticleTitleVariation in length and body depth of pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) and chum salmon (O. keta) in southern British Columbia Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 42 312–319 Occurrence Handle10.1139/f85-185

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • E. Beall B. Gaudemar Particlede (1999) ArticleTitlePlasticity of reproductive behaviour in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar (Salmonidae) in relation to environmental factors (in French) Cybium 23 IssueID1 9–28

    Google Scholar 

  • P. Bentzen J.B. Olsen J.E. McLean T.R. Seamons T.P. Quinn (2001) ArticleTitleKinship analysis of Pacific salmon: insights into mating, homing, and timing of reproduction J. Hered. 92 IssueID2 127–136 Occurrence Handle11396570 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DC%2BD38%2Fht1Wktg%3D%3D Occurrence Handle10.1093/jhered/92.2.127

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • B.A. Berejikian S.P. Tezak S.L. Schroder C.M. Knudsen J.J. Hard (1997) ArticleTitleReproductive behavioral interactions between wild and captively reared coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) ICES J. Mar. Sci. 54 1040–1050

    Google Scholar 

  • B.A. Berejikian E.P. Tezak L. LaRae (2000) ArticleTitleFemale mate choice and spawning behaviour of chinook salmon under experimental conditions J. Fish Biol. 57 647–661 Occurrence Handle10.1111/j.1095-8649.2000.tb00266.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • E.P. Berghe Particlevan den M.R. Gross (1984) ArticleTitleFemale size and nest depth in coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 41 204–206

    Google Scholar 

  • A. Berglund (1997) Mating systems and sex allocation J-G.J. Godin (Eds) Behavioural Ecology of Teleost Fishes Oxford University Press UK 237–265

    Google Scholar 

  • N.J. Bernier D.D. Heath D.J. Randall G.K. Iwama (1993) ArticleTitleRepeat sexual maturation of precocious male chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) transferred to seawater Can. J. Zool. 71 IssueID4 683–688

    Google Scholar 

  • A. Berst A.R. Emery G.R. Spangler (1981) ArticleTitleReproductive behavior of hybrid charr (Salvelinus fontinalis × S. namaycush) Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 38 432–440 Occurrence Handle10.1139/f81-194

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • P.J. Blanchfield M.S. Ridgway (1999) ArticleTitleThe cost of peripheral males in a brook trout mating system Anim. Behav. 57 537–544 Occurrence Handle10196043 Occurrence Handle10.1006/anbe.1998.1014

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • T. Bohlin C. Dellefors U. Faremo (1990) ArticleTitleLarge or small at maturity-theories on the choice of alternative male strategies in anadromous Salmonids Ann. Zool. Fenn. 27 139–147

    Google Scholar 

  • C.J. Burner (1951) ArticleTitleCharacteristics of spawning nests of Columbia River salmon Fish. Bull. 52 97–110

    Google Scholar 

  • R.L. Buttler (1991) View from an observation tank J. Stolz J. Schnell (Eds) Trout The Wildlife Series Stackpole Books Harrisburg, PA 50–56

    Google Scholar 

  • N.A. Chebanov (1980) ArticleTitleSpawning behavior of the pink salmon, Oncorhynchus gorbuscha J. Ichthyol. (Engl. Transl.) 20 64–73

    Google Scholar 

  • N.A. Chebanov B.E. Riddell (1998) ArticleTitleThe spawning behavior, selection of mates, and reproductive success of chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) spawners of natural and hatchery origins under conditions of joint spawning J. Ichthyol. 38 517–526

    Google Scholar 

  • D.T. Crisp P.A. Carling (1989) ArticleTitleObservations on sitting, dimensions and structure of salmonid redds J. Fish. Biol. 34 119–134 Occurrence Handle10.1111/j.1095-8649.1989.tb02962.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Darwin C. (1871). The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex. J. Murray, London. 698 pp

  • K. Edo H. Kawamula S. Higashi (2000) ArticleTitleThe structure and dimensions of redds and egg pockets of the endangered salmonid, Sakhalin taimen J. Fish Biol. 56 890–904 Occurrence Handle10.1111/j.1095-8649.2000.tb00879.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • I. Eibl-Eibesfeldt S. Kramer (1958) ArticleTitleEthology, the comparative study of animal behavior Quart. Rev. Biol. 33 IssueID3 181–211 Occurrence Handle13591511 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaG1M%2FitVyqtw%3D%3D Occurrence Handle10.1086/402403

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Esteve, M. (2005). Spawning Behaviour of the Salmoninae Subfamily Members. A Phylogenetic Study. Ph.D. dissertation. University of Barcelona, 202 pp ( http://www.tdx.cesca.es/TDX-0420105–161934/ )

  • D.M. Evans (1994) ArticleTitleObservations on the spawning behaviour of male and female adult sea trout, Salmo trutta L., using radiotelemetry Fish. Manage. Ecol. 1 91–105 Occurrence Handle10.1111/j.1365-2400.1970.tb00009.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • E. Fabricius (1953) ArticleTitleAquarium observations on the spawning behavior of the charr Salmo alpinus Rep. Inst. Freshwater. Res. (Drottingholm) 34 14–48

    Google Scholar 

  • E. Fabricius K.J. Gustafson (1954) ArticleTitleFurther aquarium observations of the charr Salmo alpinus Rep. Inst. Freshwater. Res. (Drottingholm) 35 58–104

    Google Scholar 

  • R.A. Fisher (1930) The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection Oxford University Press NY 272

    Google Scholar 

  • R.A. Fisher (1958) The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection EditionNumber2 Dover New York

    Google Scholar 

  • I.A. Fleming (1996) ArticleTitleReproductive strategies of Atlantic salmon: ecology and evolution Rev. Fish Biol. Fish. 6 379–416 Occurrence Handle10.1007/BF00164323

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • I.A. Fleming (1998) ArticleTitlePattern and variability in the breeding system of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), with comparisons to other salmonids Can. J. Fish. Aquat. .Sci. 55 IssueIDsuppl. 59–76 Occurrence Handle10.1139/cjfas-55-S1-59

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • I.A. Fleming M.R. Gross (1993) ArticleTitleBreeding success of hatchery and wild coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) in competition Ecol. Applicat. 3 IssueID2 230–245 Occurrence Handle10.2307/1941826

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • I.A. Fleming M.R. Gross (1994) ArticleTitleBreeding competition in a Pacific salmon (coho: Oncorhynchus kisutch): measures of natural and sexual selection Evolution 48 637–657 Occurrence Handle10.2307/2410475

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • I.A. Fleming E. Petersson (2001) ArticleTitleThe ability of released, hatchery Salmonids to breed and contribute to the natural productivity of wild populations Nordic J. Freshwater Res. 75 71–98

    Google Scholar 

  • I.A. Fleming B. Jonsson M.R. Gross A. Lamberg (1996) ArticleTitleAn experimental study of the reproductive behaviour and success of farmed and wild Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) J. Appl. Ecol. 33 893–905 Occurrence Handle10.2307/2404960

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • C.J. Foote (1987) An Experimental Examination of Behavioural Isolation Between Sockeye Salmon and Kokanee, the Anadromous and Nonanadromous Forms of Oncorhynchus nerka University of British Columbia Vancouver, BC

    Google Scholar 

  • C.J. Foote (1988) ArticleTitleMale mate choice dependent on male size in salmon Behaviour 106 63–80 Occurrence Handle10.1163/156853988X00098

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • C.J. Foote (1989) ArticleTitleFemale mate preference in Pacific salmon Anim. Behav. 37 721–723 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0003-3472(89)80022-3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • C.J. Foote (1990) ArticleTitleAn experimental comparison of male and female spawning territoriality in a Pacific salmon Behaviour 115 283–314 Occurrence Handle10.1163/156853990X00617

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • C.J. Foote P.A. Larkin (1988) ArticleTitleThe role of male choice in the assortative mating of anadromous and non-anadromous sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) Behaviour 106 IssueID1–2 43–61 Occurrence Handle10.1163/156853988X00089

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • C.J. Foote W.C. Clarke J. Blackburn (1991) ArticleTitleInhibition of smolting in precocious male chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha Can. J. Zool. 69 1848–1852 Occurrence Handle10.1139/z91-255

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • C.J. Foote G.S. Brown C.C. Wood (1997) ArticleTitleSpawning success of males using alternative mating tactics in sockeye salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 54 1785–1795 Occurrence Handle10.1139/cjfas-54-8-1785

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • J. Garant J. Dodson L. Bernatchez (2001) ArticleTitleA genetic evaluation of mating system and determinants of individual reproductive success in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) J. Hered. 92 137–145 Occurrence Handle11396571 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DC%2BD38%2Fht1Wktw%3D%3D Occurrence Handle10.1093/jhered/92.2.137

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • García de Leániz, C. (1990). Distribution, Growth, Movements and Homing Behaviour of Juvenile Atlantic Salmon and Brown Trout in the Girnock Burn, Aberdeenshire. PhD dissertation. University of Aberdeen.

  • E. García -Vázquez P. Morán J.L. Martínez J. Pérez B. Gaudemar Particlede E. Beall (2001) ArticleTitleAlternative mating strategies in Atlantic salmon and brown trout J. Hered. 92 146–149 Occurrence Handle11396572 Occurrence Handle10.1093/jhered/92.2.146

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • B. Gaudemar Particlede (1998) ArticleTitleSexual selection and breeding patterns: insights from salmonids (Salmonidae) Acta Biotheorica 46 235–251 Occurrence Handle10.1023/A:1001737227076

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • B. Gaudemar Particlede E. Beall (1999) ArticleTitleReproductive behavioural sequences of single pairs of Atlantic salmon in an experimental stream Anim. Behav. 57 1207–1217 Occurrence Handle10.1006/anbe.1999.1104

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • B. Gaudemar Particlede S. Schroder E. Beall (2000a) ArticleTitleNest placement and egg distribution in Atlantic salmon redds Env. Biol. Fish. 57 37–47 Occurrence Handle10.1023/A:1007562508973

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • B. Gaudemar Particlede J.M. Bonzom E. Beall (2000b) ArticleTitleEffects of courtship and relative mate size on sexual motivation in Atlantic salmon J. Fish Biol. 57 502–515 Occurrence Handle10.1111/j.1095-8649.2000.tb02188.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • J.R. Greeley (1932) ArticleTitleThe spawning habits of brook, brown and rainbow trout, and the problem of egg predators Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 62 239–247 Occurrence Handle10.1577/1548-8659(1932)62[239:TSHOBB]2.0.CO;2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • C. Groot (1996) Salmonid life histories W. Pennell A. Bruce (Eds) Principles of Salmonid Culture Elsevier Amsterdam 97–230 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0167-9309(96)80006-8

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • M.R. Gross (1984) Sunfish, salmon, and the evolution of alternative reproductive strategies and tactics in fishes G.W. Potts R.J. Wootton (Eds) Fish Reproduction: Strategies and Tactics Academic Press London 55–75

    Google Scholar 

  • M.R. Gross (1985) ArticleTitleDisruptive selection for alternative life histories in salmon Nature 313 47–48 Occurrence Handle10.1038/313047a0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • M.R. Gross (1996) ArticleTitleAlternative reproductive strategies and tactics: diversity within the sexes Trends Ecology Evol. 11 92–98 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0169-5347(96)81050-0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • J.M. Gunn (1995) ArticleTitleSpawning behavior of lake trout: effects on colonization ability J. Great Lakes Res. 21 IssueIDSuppl. 1 323–329 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0380-1330(95)71106-6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • T.R. Hamon C.J. Foote G.S. Brown (1999) ArticleTitleUse of female nest characteristics in the sexual behaviour of male sockeye salmon J. Fish Biol. 55 459–471 Occurrence Handle10.1111/j.1095-8649.1999.tb00692.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • A.J. Hanson H.D. Smith (1967) ArticleTitleMate selection in a population of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) of mixed age-groups J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 24 1955–1977

    Google Scholar 

  • G.F. Hartman (1970) ArticleTitleNets digging behaviour of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) Can. J. Zool. 48 1462 Occurrence Handle10.1139/z70-252

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • M.C. Healey (1991) Life history of chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha C. Groot L. Margolis (Eds) Pacific Salmon Life Histories University of British Columbia Press Vancouver BC 311–394

    Google Scholar 

  • M.C. Healey A. Prince (1998) ArticleTitleAlternatives tactics in the breeding behaviour of male coho salmon Behaviour 135 1099–1124

    Google Scholar 

  • W.R. Heard (1972) ArticleTitleSpawning behavior of pink salmon on an artificial redd Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 101 IssueID2 276–283 Occurrence Handle10.1577/1548-8659(1972)101<276:SBOPSO>2.0.CO;2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • S.A. Henson R.R. Warner (1997) ArticleTitleMale and female alternative reproductive behaviors in fishes: a new approach using intersexual dynamics Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 28 571–592 Occurrence Handle10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.28.1.571

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • D.J. Hoysak N.R. Liley (2001) ArticleTitleFertilization dynamics in sockeye salmon and a comparison of sperm from alternative male phenotypes J. Fish Biol. 58 1286–1300 Occurrence Handle10.1111/j.1095-8649.2001.tb02286.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • D.J. Hoysak N.R. Liley E.B. Taylor (2004) ArticleTitleRaffles, roles, and the outcome of sperm competition in sockeye salmon Can. J. Zool. 82 1017–126 Occurrence Handle10.1139/z04-073

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • J.A. Hutchings R.A. Myers (1994) ArticleTitleThe evolution of alternative mating strategies in variable environments Evol. Ecol. 8 256–268 Occurrence Handle10.1007/BF01238277

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • V.N. Ivankov S.N. Padetskiy V.S. Floryak N.I. Churikova Yu.I. Gavrenkov (1981) ArticleTitleNeotenic females of cherry salmon, Oncorhynchus masou, of the Krivaya River (Southern Primorye) J. Ichthyol. 21 118–123

    Google Scholar 

  • James P.J., Sexauer H.M. (1997). Spawning behaviour, spawning habitat and alternative mating strategies in an adfluvial population of bull trout. In: Mackay W.C., Brewin M.K. and Monita M. (eds.), Friends of the Bull Trout Conference Proceedings, pp. 325–329

  • T. Järvi (1990) ArticleTitleThe effects of male dominance, secondary sexual characteristics and female mate choice on the mating success of male Atlantic salmon Salmo salar Ethology 84 123–132

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, L. (1980) The arctic charr, Salvelinus alpinus. In:Balon, E.K. (ed.), Charrs, Salmonid Fishes of the Genus Salvelinus. Dr. W. Junk, The Hague, pp. 15–98.

  • Jones J.W., Ball J.N. (1954). Brit. J. Anim. Behav., 103–114

  • J.W. Jones G.M. King (1949) ArticleTitleExperimental observations on the Spawning Behaviour of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar Linn) Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 119 33–48

    Google Scholar 

  • J.W. Jones G.M. King (1950) ArticleTitleFurther experimental observations on the Spawning Behaviour of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar Linn) Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 120 317–323

    Google Scholar 

  • J.W. Jones G.M. King (1952) ArticleTitleThe spawning of the male salmon parr (Salmo salar Linn Juv.) Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 122 615–619

    Google Scholar 

  • B. Jonsson N. Jonsson (2001) ArticleTitlePolymorphism and speciation in Arctic charr J. Fish Biol. 58 605–638 Occurrence Handle10.1111/j.1095-8649.2001.tb00518.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • N. Jonsson B. Jonsson L.P. Hansen (1991) ArticleTitleEnergetic cost of spawning in male and female Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L J. Fish Biol. 39 739–744 Occurrence Handle10.1111/j.1095-8649.1991.tb04403.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Keenleyside M.H.A. and Dupuis H.M.C. (1988a). Comparison of digging behavior by female pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) before and after spawning. Copeia 1092–1095

  • M.H.A. Keenleyside H.M.C. Dupuis (1988b) ArticleTitleCourtship and spawning competition in pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) Can. J. Zool. 66 262–265

    Google Scholar 

  • S. Kitano (1996) ArticleTitleSize-related factors causing individual variation in seasonal reproductive success of fluvial male Dolly Varden (Salvelinus malma) Ecol. Fresh. Fish. 5 59–67 Occurrence Handle10.1111/j.1600-0633.1996.tb00037.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • S. Kitano K. Maekawa S. Nakano K.D. Fausch (1994) ArticleTitleSpawning behavior of bull trout in the upper Flathead drainage, Montana, with special reference to hybridization with brook trout Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 123 IssueID6 988–992 Occurrence Handle10.1577/1548-8659(1994)123<0988:NSBOBT>2.3.CO;2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • R.A. Knapp V.T. Vredenburg (1996) ArticleTitleSpawning by California golden trout: characteristics of spawning fish, seasonal and daily timing, redd characteristics, and microhabitat preferences Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 125 519–531 Occurrence Handle10.1577/1548-8659(1996)125<0519:SBCGTC>2.3.CO;2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Y. Koseki K. Maekawa (2000) ArticleTitleSexual selection on mature male parr of masu salmon (Oncorhynchus masou): does sneaking behavior favor small body size and less-developed sexual characters? Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 48 211–217 Occurrence Handle10.1007/s002650000231

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • J.H. L’Abeé-Lund A.J. Jensen B.O. Johnsen (1990) ArticleTitleInterpopulation variation in male parr maturation of anadromous brown trout (Salmo trutta) in Norway Can. J. Zool. 68 1983–1987 Occurrence Handle10.1139/z90-279

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leggett, J.W. (1980) Reproductive ecology and behavior of Dolly Varden char in British Columbia. In: Balon, E.K. (ed.), Charrs, Salmonid Fishes of Genus Salvelinus. Dr. W. Junk, The Hague, pp. 721–737.

  • K. Maekawa (1983) ArticleTitleStreaking behaviour of mature male parrs of the Myabe Charr, Salvelinus malma myabei, during spawning Jap. J. Ichthyol. 30 IssueID3 227–234

    Google Scholar 

  • K. Maekawa T. Hino (1986) ArticleTitleSpawning behaviour of Dolly Varden in southeastern Alaska, with especial reference to the mature male parr Jap. J. Ichthyol. 32 454–458

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin, N.V. and Olver, C.H. (1980) The lake charr, Salvelinus namaycush. In: Balon, E.K. (ed.), Charrs: Salmonid Fishes of the Genus Salvelinus. Dr. W. Junk, The Hague, pp. 205–277.

  • P. McCart (1969) Digging behaviour of Oncorhynchus nerka spawning in streams at Babine Lake, British Columbia T.G. Nothcote (Eds) Salmon and Trout in Streams University of British Columbia Press Vancouver, BC 39–51

    Google Scholar 

  • D.A. McLennan (1994) ArticleTitleA phylogenetic approach to the evolution of fish behaviour Rev. Fish. Biol.Fish. 4 IssueID4 430–460 Occurrence Handle10.1007/BF00042889

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • N.B. Metcalfe F.A. Huntingford W.D. Graham J.E. Thorpe (1989) ArticleTitleEarly social status and the development of life-history strategies in Atlantic salmon Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 236 IssueID1282 7–19 Occurrence Handle2565574 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaL1M3itFSnsw%3D%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • I.B. Mjølnerød I.A. Fleming U.H. Refseth K. Hindar (1998) ArticleTitleMate and sperm competition during multiple-male spawnings of Atlantic salmon Can. J. Zool. 76 70–75 Occurrence Handle10.1139/cjz-76-1-70

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Y. Morbey (2000) ArticleTitleProtandry in Pacific salmon Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 57 1252–1257 Occurrence Handle10.1139/cjfas-57-6-1252

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Y. Morbey (2002) ArticleTitleThe mate-guarding behaviour of male kokanee, Oncorhynchus nerka Behaviour 139 507–528 Occurrence Handle10.1163/15685390260135989

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • R.A. Myers J.A. Hutchings (1987) ArticleTitleMating of anadromous Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., with mature male parr J. Fish Biol. 31 143–146 Occurrence Handle10.1111/j.1095-8649.1987.tb05220.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • P.R. Needham (1961) ArticleTitleObservations on the natural spawning of eastern brook trout Cal. Fish and Game 47 27–40

    Google Scholar 

  • P.R. Needham A.C. Taft (1934) ArticleTitleObservations on the spawning of steelhead trout Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 64 322–338

    Google Scholar 

  • P.R. Needham T.M. Vaughan (1952) ArticleTitleSpawning of the Dolly Varden (Salvelinus malma) in Twin Creek, Idaho Copeia 1952 197–199 Occurrence Handle10.2307/1439724

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • C.P. Newcombe G.F. Hartman (1980) ArticleTitleVisual signals in the spawning behaviour of rainbow trout Can. J. Zool. 58 1751–1752 Occurrence Handle10.1139/z80-242

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • E. Petersson T. Järvi (1997) ArticleTitleReproductive behaviour of sea trout (Salmo trutta): the consequences of sea-ranching Behaviour 134 1–22 Occurrence Handle10.1163/156853997X00250

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • E. Petersson T. Järvi (2001) ArticleTitle‘False orgasm’ in female brown trout: trick or treat? Anim. Behav. 61 IssueID2 497–501 Occurrence Handle10.1006/anbe.2000.1585

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • E. Petersson T. Järvi H. Olsen I. Mayer M. Hedenskog (1999) ArticleTitleMale–male competition and female choice in brown trout Anim. Behav. 57 777–783 Occurrence Handle10202086 Occurrence Handle10.1006/anbe.1998.1043

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Power, G. (1980) The brook charr, Salvelinus fontinalis. In:Balon, E.K. (ed.), Charrs: Salmonid Fishes of the Genus Salvelinus. Dr. W. Junk, The Hague, pp. 141–203.

  • T.P. Quinn (1999) ArticleTitleVariation in Pacific salmon reproductive behaviour associated with species, sex and levels of competition Behaviour 136 179–204

    Google Scholar 

  • T. P. Quinn (2005) The Behavior and Ecology of Pacific Salmon and Trout University of Washington Press Seattle, WA 328

    Google Scholar 

  • T.P. Quinn C.J. Foote (1994) ArticleTitleThe effects of body size and sexual dimorphism on the reproductive behaviour of sockeye salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka Anim. Behav. 48 751–761 Occurrence Handle10.1006/anbe.1994.1300

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • T.P. Quinn M.D. Adkison M.B. Ward (1996) ArticleTitleBehavioral tactics of male sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) under varying operational sex ratios Ethology 102 304–322 Occurrence Handle10.1111/j.1439-0310.1996.tb01127.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • J.N. Rinne (1980) ArticleTitleSpawning habitat and behavior of Gila trout, a rare salmonid of the Southwestern United States Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 109 83–91 Occurrence Handle10.1577/1548-8659(1980)109<83:SHABOG>2.0.CO;2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • M. Satou H.A. Takeuchi K. Takei T. Hasegawa T. Matsushima N. Okumoto (1994) ArticleTitleCharacterization of vibrational and visual signals which elicit spawning behavior in the male hime salmon (landlocked red salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka) J. Comp. Physiol. 174 IssueID5 527–537

    Google Scholar 

  • S.L. Schroder (1973) Effects of Density on the Spawning Success of Chum Salmon in an Artificial Spawning Channel University of Washington Seattle, WA 78

    Google Scholar 

  • S.L. Schroder (1981) The Role of Sexual Selection in Determining Overall Mating Patterns and Mate Choice in Chum Salmon University of Washington Seattle, WA 274

    Google Scholar 

  • S.L. Schroder (1982) The influence of intrasexual competition on the distribution of chum salmon in a experimental stream E.L. Brannon E.O Salo (Eds) Proceedings of the Salmon and Trout migratory symposium. University of Washington Press Seattle 275–285

    Google Scholar 

  • T.R. Seamons P. Bentzen T.P. Quinn (2004) ArticleTitleThe mating system of steelhead, Oncorhynchus mykiss, inferred by molecular analysis of parents and progeny Env. Biol. Fish. 69 IssueID1–4 333–334 Occurrence Handle10.1023/B:EBFI.0000022893.88086.8f

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • H. Sigurjónsdóttir K. Gunnarsson (1989) ArticleTitleAlternative mating tactics of artic charr, Salvelinus alpinus, in Thingvallavatn, Iceland Env. Biol. Fish. 26 IssueID3 159–176 Occurrence Handle10.1007/BF00004814

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • J.T. Silverstein H. Shimma H. Ogata (1997) ArticleTitleEarly maturity in amago salmon (Oncorhynchus masu ishikawai): an association with energy storage Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 54 444–451 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXivVGnsb4%3D Occurrence Handle10.1139/cjfas-54-2-444

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stearley R.F. (1992). Historical ecology of Salmoninae, with special reference to Oncorhynchus. In: Mayden R.L. (ed.), Systematics, Historical Ecology, and North American Freshwater Fishes. Stanford University Press, pp. 622–658

  • M. Taborsky (1994) ArticleTitleSneakers, satellites, and helpers: parasitic and cooperative behavior in fish reproduction Adv. Study Behav. 23 1–100 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0065-3454(08)60351-4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • M. Taborsky (1998) ArticleTitleSperm competition in fish: ‘bourgeois’ males and parasitic spawning Trends Ecol Evol. 13 222–227

    Google Scholar 

  • J.B. Taggart I.S. McLaren D.W. Hay J.H. Webb A.F. Youngson (2001) ArticleTitleSpawning success in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.): a long-term DNA profiling-based study conducted in a natural stream Mol. Ecol. 10 IssueID4 1047–1060 Occurrence Handle11348510 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXjvVentrg%3D Occurrence Handle10.1046/j.1365-294X.2001.01254.x

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • A.F. Tautz C. Groot (1975) ArticleTitleSpawning behavior of chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) and rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 32 IssueID5 633–642

    Google Scholar 

  • E.B. Taylor (1989) ArticleTitlePrecocial male maturation in laboratory-reared populations of Chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha Can J. Zool. 67 1665–1669 Occurrence Handle10.1139/z89-239

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • D. Thomaz E. Beall T. Burke (1997) ArticleTitleAlternative reproductive tactics in Atlantic salmon: factors affecting mature parr success Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B. 264 219–226 Occurrence Handle10.1098/rspb.1997.0031

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • J.E. Thorpe (1989) ArticleTitleDevelopmental variation in salmonid populations J. Fish Biol. 35 IssueIDA 295–303

    Google Scholar 

  • J.E. Thorpe (1994) ArticleTitleAn alternative view of smolting in Salmonids Aquaculture 121 105–113 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0044-8486(94)90012-4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • N. Tinbergen (1951) The study of instinct Oxford University Press London 228

    Google Scholar 

  • N. Tinbergen (1952) ArticleTitleDerived activities, their causation, biological significance, origin and emancipation during evolution Quart. Rev. Biol. 27 1–32 Occurrence Handle14930222 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaG38%2FmtVegsA%3D%3D Occurrence Handle10.1111/j.1469-185X.1952.tb01361.x

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • N. Tinbergen J.J.A. Iersel ParticleVan (1947) ArticleTitleDisplacement reactions in the three-spined stickleback Behaviour 1 56–63 Occurrence Handle10.1163/156853948X00038

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • R.L. Trivers (1972) Parental investment and sexual selection B. Campbell (Eds) Sexual Selection and the Descendent of Man 1871–1971 Heineman London 136–179

    Google Scholar 

  • V.V. Tsiger V.I. Skirin N.I. Krupyanko K.A. Kashkin A.Yu. Semenchenko (1994) ArticleTitleLife history forms of male masu salmon (Oncorhynchus masou) in South Primor’e, Russia Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 51 197–208 Occurrence Handle10.1139/f94-022

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • H. Ueda Y. Nagahama F. Tashiro L.W. Crim (1983) ArticleTitleSome endocrine aspects of precocious sexual maturation in the amago salmon Oncorhynchus rhodurus Bull. Jap. Soc. Sci. Fish. Nissuishi. 49 IssueID4 587–596 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaL3sXktVegt7s%3D

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • M.J. Unwin M.T. Kinnison T.P. Quinn (1999) ArticleTitleExceptions to semelparity: postmaturation survival, morphology, and energetic costs of male chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 56 1172–1181 Occurrence Handle10.1139/cjfas-56-7-1172

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • E.O. Wilson (1975) Sociobiology: The New Synthesis Harvard University Press Cambridge, MA

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, M. F. (1997). Variation in salmonid life histories: patterns and perspectives. Res. Paper PNW-RP-498, US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest research Station, Portland, OR

  • T. Yamamoto K. Edo (2002) ArticleTitleReproductive behaviors related to life history forms in male masu salmon, Oncorhynchus masou Breboort, in Lake Toya, Japan J. Fresh. Ecol. 17 IssueID2 275–281

    Google Scholar 

  • A. Zahavi (1975) ArticleTitleMate selection: a selection for a handicap J. Theoret. Biol. 53 205–214 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaE28%2Fntlygsg%3D%3D Occurrence Handle10.1016/0022-5193(75)90111-3

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zahavi A., Zahavi A. (1997). The Handicap Principle: A Missing Piece of Darwin’s Puzzle. Oxford University Press. 268 pp

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Departmento de Biología Animal (Zoologia de Vertebrados), Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Barcelona, USA

    Manu Esteve

  2. Manu Esteve, 621727th Ave NE, Seattle, WA, 98115, U.S.A

    Manu Esteve

Authors
  1. Manu Esteve
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Manu Esteve.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Esteve, M. Observations of Spawning Behaviour in Salmoninae: Salmo, Oncorhynchus and Salvelinus . Rev Fish Biol Fisheries 15, 1–21 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11160-005-7434-7

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11160-005-7434-7

Keywords