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Koranic Education Centres: A viable educational alternative for the disadvantaged learner in Sahel Africa?

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Abstract

Within the international momentum for achieving Education for All (EFA) and the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), many African countries have made considerable progress during the last decade in terms of access to basic education. However, a significant number of children enrolled in the early grades of primary schools either repeat classes or drop out and never graduate. Moreover, there are currently about 30 million school-age children in sub-Saharan Africa who have never attended any form of schooling. In view of this situation, sub-Saharan African countries have been looking for alternative options to educate those who have not been accounted for in the formal school system. This note considers informal Koranic Education Centres (KECs) which are trying to fill the gap of schooling in the Sahel-Saharan strip. The author looks at the challenges this form of schooling faces and at how to meet them efficiently. He sounds out the possibility of using KECs to cater for those who have been left aside by formal schooling. Based on existing studies, data compiled by educational systems and a study conducted by the Working Group on Non-Formal Education (WGNFE) of the Association for the Development of Education in Africa (ADEA) in four West African countries (Burkina Faso, Mali, Mauritania and Senegal) in 2013, the author of this research note came to the conclusion that a holistic approach, where the two systems (the Koranic and the formal) collaborate and support one another, could effectively contribute to alleviating the dropout predicament and to reducing the number of unschooled children. It could offer a second-chance opportunity to dropout and unschooled children in the Sahel and Saharan zone. However, before this can become a viable alternative, a number of major challenges need to be addressed. Through its WGNFE, ADEA intends to further investigate the holistic approach of combining formal “modern” and informal “Koranic” schooling to come up with tangible recommendations.

Résumé

Centres d’éducation coranique : une alternative viable pour l’apprenant défavorisé en Afrique sahélienne ? – Dans la dynamique mondiale visant à réaliser l’Éducation pour Tous (EPT) et à atteindre les Objectifs du Millénaire pour le Développement (OMD), de nombreux pays africains ont considérablement progressé au cours des dix dernières années en termes d’accès à l’éducation de base. Pourtant, un nombre significatif d’enfants scolarisés dans les premières années de l’enseignement primaire soit redoublent soit décrochent et n’obtiennent donc jamais de certificat. En outre, près de 30 millions d’enfants d’âge scolaire en Afrique subsaharienne, n’ont jamais reçu aucune forme d’enseignement.. Face à cette situation, les pays subsahariens sont à la recherche d’alternatives en vue d’éduquer les enfants qui ne sont pas intégrés dans les systèmes éducatifs formels des pays. La présente note analyse les centres non formels d’éducation coranique qui tentent de combler le fossé de la scolarisation dans la bande sahélienne. L’auteur étudie les défis que cette forme d’éducation rencontre et les moyens de les relever efficacement. Il sonde la possibilité d’utiliser les écoles coraniques pour desservir les laissés-pour-compte de l’enseignement formel. À partir d’études, de données compilées par les systèmes éducatifs et d’une enquête menée par le Groupe de travail sur l’éducation non formelle (GTENF) de l’Association pour le développement de l’éducation en Afrique (ADEA) dans 4 pays de la zone (Burkina Faso, Mali, Mauritanie, Sénégal) l’auteur de cette note de recherche parvient à la conclusion qu’une approche holistique, impliquant une coopération et un soutien entre les deux systèmes (coranique et formel), pourrait contribuer à résoudre la question ardue des abandons scolaires et à réduire le nombre d’enfants non scolarisés. On pourrait ainsi créer une opportunité éducative de la seconde chance pour les enfants déscolarisés et non scolarisés dans la bande sahélo-saharienne. Néanmoins, plusieurs sérieux défis doivent être relevés au préalable, avant qu’une telle option puisse devenir une alternative viable. À travers son GTENF, ADEA prévoit d’approfondir ce concept d’approche holistique associant scolarisation « moderne » formelle et enseignement coranique informel, pour proposer des recommandations tangibles aux pays et aux systèmes éducatifs.

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Notes

  1. The World Conference on Education for All, held in Jomtien, Thailand, in 1990, resulted in the adoption of the World Declaration on Education for All (WCEFA 1990).

  2. In many sub-Saharan countries, formal national basic school education consists of six years (from CP1 to CM2 in Francophone Africa)), followed by four years of lower secondary or “middle school” (known as Collèges in Francophone Africa, which run from 6ème to 3ème). This is followed by two to three years of upper secondary or “high school” (Lycée in Francophone Africa). Officially, in most countries, school attendance is compulsory for all children aged 6–16, and free of charge. However, many families are struggling to pay for their children’s school equipment such as uniforms, textbooks, copybooks, pens, etc. Also, many parents who can afford it prefer to send their children to private schools where, supposedly, teaching and learning processes are better. But basically, the two systems follow the same path.

  3. There are various types of KECs: traditional Koranic Foyers, prevalent in rural areas where they carry diverse names: Duudhal in Guinea, Karamokhobodo in Burkina Faso, Mahadras in Mauritania, Daaras in Senegal, etc. Added to these traditional schools, there are the semi-modern centres, usually called Medersa [the Arabic term for schools], which attempt to formalise the traditional Koranic Foyers. Next, there are the Bilingual Schools (teaching in Arabic and English) usually supported by the Islamic Development Bank. There are also the Standardised Koranic Schools initiated by UNESCO which operate with an improved and modernised curriculum.

  4. The Journées de réflexion sur les foyers coraniques [Reflection days on Koranic education centres] were held in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, in August 2013. They focused on “the issue of Koranic eduction centres: challenges and perspectives for their being taken into account in the organisation of the school system in Burkina Faso” [La problématique des foyers coraniques : enjeux et perspectives pour leur prise en compte dans l’organisation du système éducatif du Burkina Faso].

  5. DENFA stands for Direction de l’Education Non formelle et de l’Alphabétisation, which is part of the national Ministry of Basic Education apparatus.

  6. PRONAA, which stands for Programme National d'Accélération de l'Alphabétisation, is a Burkina Faso national “fast track” programme aimed at improving the rate of literacy by using alternative strategies designed to reduce the time needed to complete basic education.

  7. Talibé and Garibu originally refer to students attending KECs. They are usually attached to a specific “Master” with whom they stay for several years to study not only the Koran, but also develop ethical skills (endurance, humility, bravery, etc.). Lately, the TalibéGaribu educational practice has been diverted from its original goal and associated with beggar children in West African metropolises.

  8. Educate a Child (EAC), is one of the programmes of Education above All (EAA), a global initiative launched by Her Highness Sheikha Moza bint Nasser of Qatar in 2012 with the aim of significantly reducing the numbers of out-of-school children in Africa and other world regions (see http://educationaboveall.org). EAC is implemented in Burkina Faso, Mali and Niger by respective Ministries of Basic Education of these countries, with funding from Qatar.

  9. See for example the EFA Country Reports of such countries as Burkina Faso, Mali and Senegal (MENA 2014b, MEN-M 2014 and MEN-S 2014).

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Correspondence to Ibrahima Bah-Lalya.

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Bah-Lalya, I. Koranic Education Centres: A viable educational alternative for the disadvantaged learner in Sahel Africa?. Int Rev Educ 61, 465–479 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11159-015-9505-x

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