Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Public university entry in Ghana: Is it equitable?

  • Published:
International Review of Education Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Public universities in Ghana are highly subsidised by the central government and account for about 80 per cent of university students in the country. Yet issues of fairness in terms of entry into the public university system have so far hardly been addressed. To find out whether participation in public university education is equitable, the authors of this paper carried out a binary logistic regression analysis. Individual data were collected from 1,129 (614 male and 515 female) final year senior high school (SHS) students for the 2009 cohort. The authors measured student, father and mother characteristics likely to influence admission to a public university. The results show that the major predictors of public university entry are students’ academic ability, quality of SHS attended and number of siblings. This seems to suggest that there is a significant bias in the selection of students from different socio-economic groups for admission to highly subsidised public universities. The implication is that public financing of university education in Ghana may not be equitable.

Résumé

L’admission à l’enseignement supérieur public du Ghana est-il équitable ? – Les universités publiques du Ghana sont fortement subventionnées par le gouvernement central et desservent environ 80 pour cent des étudiants du pays. La question de l’équité en terme d’admission dans le système universitaire public n’a cependant pas été traitée jusqu’ici. Dans le but de déterminer si la participation à l’enseignement universitaire public est équitable, les auteurs de l’article ont effectué une analyse de régression logistique binaire. Les données individuelles de 1129 élèves de terminale (614 garçons et 515 filles) ont été collectées pour l’année 2009. Les auteurs ont défini les caractéristiques des élèves et de leurs parents, qui sont susceptibles d’influencer l’admission à une université publique. Les résultats démontrent que les principaux indices d’admission sont les résultats scolaires des élèves, la qualité de l’établissement secondaire fréquenté et l’importance de la fratrie. Ces résultats semblent révéler une nette tendance à une sélection des élèves issus de différents groupes socioéconomiques pour leur admission dans les universités publiques, qui sont fortement subventionnées. Il peut en être déduit que le financement public de l’enseignement universitaire au Ghana pourrait ne pas être équitable.

Zusammenfassung

Gibt es Chancengleichheit beim Zugang zu öffentlichen Universitäten in Ghana? – Öffentliche Universitäten in Ghana werden von der zentralstaatlichen Regierung hoch subventioniert und nehmen etwa 80 Prozent der Universitätsstudierenden des Landes auf. Fragen der Chancengleichheit in puncto Zugang zum System der öffentlichen Universitäten wurden bislang allerdings kaum thematisiert. Um zu ermitteln, ob die Partizipation an der öffentlichen Hochschulausbildung gerecht verteilt ist, haben die Autoren dieses Beitrags eine binäre logistische Regressionsanalyse durchgeführt. Dazu wurden die Einzeldaten von 1.129 (614 männlichen und 515 weiblichen) angehenden Absolvent(inn)en der Senior High School (SHS) des Abschlussjahrgangs 2009 erhoben. Die Autoren verglichen die Eigenschaften der Schülerinnen und Schüler sowie ihrer Väter und Mütter, die mutmaßlich die Aufnahme an einer öffentlichen Universität beeinflussen. Den Ergebnissen zufolge sind die Hauptprädiktoren für den Zugang zu einer öffentlichen Universität die akademischen Fähigkeiten des Schülers bzw. der Schülerin, die Qualität der besuchten SHS und die Zahl der Geschwister. Dies scheint darauf hinzudeuten, dass es bei der Auswahl der Schülerinnen und Schüler aus verschiedenen sozioökonomischen Gruppierungen für den Zugang zu hoch subventionierten öffentlichen Universitäten einen signifikanten Verzerrungseffekt gibt. Dies würde auch bedeuten, dass bei der öffentlichen Finanzierung der Hochschulausbildung in Ghana möglicherweise keine Chancengleichheit herrscht.

Resumen

El ingreso en la universidad pública de Ghana, ¿es equitativo? – Las universidades públicas de Ghana están altamente subsidiadas por el gobierno central y reúnen alrededor del 80 por ciento de los estudiantes universitarios del país. Sin embargo, los temas de equidad en el ingreso a la universidad pública apenas han sido considerados hasta el momento. Para comprobar si la educación en la universidad pública es justa, los autores de este trabajo realizaron un análisis de regresión logística binaria. De la promoción 2009, se escogieron 1.129 estudiantes del último año de preuniversitario (614 varones y 515 mujeres). Los autores midieron las características del estudiante, así como de su padre y de su madre, que podrían influir en la admisión en una universidad pública. Los resultados muestran que los principales indicadores de un ingreso en la universidad son la capacidad académica, la calidad de la escuela secundaria visitada y el número de hermanos. Esto parece sugerir que hay preferencias importantes en la selección de estudiantes de diferentes grupos socioeconómicos para que sean admitidos en universidades públicas altamente subvencionadas, lo cual implicaría que la financiación pública de la educación universitaria en Ghana podría no ser equitativa.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. In brief, the education system in Ghana stipulates that children start school aged 6 and that school attendance is compulsory until they are 15 years old. Primary school has 6 grades and junior high school (JHS) has 3 grades, finishing with the Basic Education Certificate Examination (BECE). School fees are charged for senior high school (SHS), which has 3 grades, and is often a boarding school.

  2. Many schools, especially the well-endowed ones, are boarding schools since students come from places all over the country.

  3. The Asquith Commission on Higher Education in the Colonies (1943–1945) was appointed by the Government of the United Kingdom in August 1943 to promote education, learning and research via the development of universities in the colonies.

  4. We also found that a remarkable number (12 per cent) live with other relations. There are two main reasons for this. Some students are left in the care of other family members because their parents live in Europe, the USA, Canada or Australia, while other students who are unable to use boarding facilities in the school of their choice prefer to stay with relations who live closer to the school.

References

  • Aakvik, A., Salvanes, K. G., & Vaage, K. (2005). Educational attainment and family background. German Economic Review, 6(3), 377–394.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Addae-Mensah, I. (2000). Education in Ghana: A tool for social mobility or social stratification? Accra: Institute for Scientific and Technological Information.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, K. G. (2003). Family structure, schooling outcomes, and investment in education in South Africa. PSC research report no. 03–538. Ann Arbor, MI: Population Studies Center University of Michigan.

  • Andrews, L. (1999). Does HECS deter? Factors affecting university participation by low SES groups. DETYA occasional paper series. Canberra: Higher Education Division, Department of Education, Training and Youth Affairs.

  • Appiah-Kubi, K. (2003). Education inequality in Ghana: Micro impact of macroeconomic and adjustment policies. Micro impact of macroeconomic and adjustment policies MIMAP – Ghana Research Report No.1. Accra: Center for Policy Analysis CRDI/IDRC/CIDA.

  • Atuahene, F. (2006). A policy analysis of the financing of tertiary education institutions in Ghana: An assessment of the objectives and the impact of the Ghana Education Trust Fund (PhD Dissertation, Faculty of the College of Education of Ohio University).

  • Baciu, L., Ceobanu, C., Asandului, L., & Iacobuta, A. (2008). Institutions and economic performance in Romania: A sociopsychological perspective. Paper presented at the International Conference on Education Economics-ICEE 2008, Athens, Greece, 27–30 August.

  • Balsmeier, B., & Peters, H. (2009). Family background or characteristics of the child: What determines high school success in Germany? Journal of Economics and Economic Education Research, 10, 21–43.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bauer, P., & Riphahn, R. T. (2007). Heterogeneity in the intergenerational transmission of educational attainment: Evidence from Switzerland on natives and second-generation immigrants. Journal of Population Economics, 20, 121–148.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Björklund, A., Ginther, D. K., & Sundström, M. (2007). Family structure and child outcomes in the USA and Sweden. Journal of Population Economics, 20, 183–201.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Booth, A. L., & Kee, H. J. (2009). Birth order matters: The effect of family size and birth order on educational attainment. Journal of Population Economics, 22, 367–397.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cameron, S. V. & Heckman, J. J. (1999). The dynamics of educational attainment for Blacks, Hispanics, and Whites. National Bureau of Economic Research working paper no. 7249. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.

  • Carneiro, P., & Heckman, J. J. (2002). The evidence on credit constraints in post-secondary schooling. The Economic Journal, 112, 705–734.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Case, A., & Deaton, A. (1999). School inputs and educational outcomes in South Africa. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 14(3), 1047–1084.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chapman, B. (1999). Reform of Ethiopian higher education financing: Conceptual and policy issues. Economics of Education Thematic Group. Washington, DC: World Bank.

    Google Scholar 

  • Currie, J. (1977). Family background, academic achievement and occupational status in Uganda. Comparative Education Review, 21(1), 14–28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fernandes, D. C., & Neves, J. A. (2010). Urban bias in development and educational attainments in Brazil. Journal of Developing Areas, 43(2), 271–288.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ghana Statistical Service (2005). 2000 Population and Housing Census of Ghana: Demographic. Accra: Economic and Housing Characteristics.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glewwe, P., & Jacoby, H. (1993). Estimating the determinants of cognitive achievement in low-income countries: The case of Ghana. Washington, DC: World Bank.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glick, P., & Sahn, D. E. (2010). Ability, grade repetition, and school attainment in Senegal: A panel data analysis. Cornell Food and Nutrition Policy Program working paper no. 227. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University.

  • Hartman, R. W. (1972). Equity implications of state tuition policy and student loans. Journal of Political Economy, 80(3), 142–171.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haveman, R., Wolfe, B., & Spaulding, J. (1991). Childhood events and circumstances influencing high school completion. Demography, 28(1), 133–157.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heyneman, S. P. (1976). Influences on academic achievement: A Comparison of results from Uganda and more industrialized societies. Sociology of Education, 49, 200–211.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Iannelli, C. (2007). Inequalities in entry to higher education: A comparison over time between Scotland and England and Wales. Higher Education Quarterly, 61(3), 306–333.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jensen, B., & Seltzer, A. (2000). Neighbourhood and family effects in educational progress. Australian Economic Review, 33(1), 17–31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kane, T. J. (1994). College entry by Blacks since 1970: The role of college costs, family background, and the returns to education. Journal of Political Economy, 102(5), 878–911.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leibowitz, A. (1974). Home investments in children. Journal of Political Economy, 2(11), 111–131.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li, W. (2007). Family background, financial constraints and higher education attendance in China. Economics of Education Review, 26(6), 724–734.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, J.-T., Chou, S.-Y., & Liu, J.-L. (2006). Asymmetries in progression in higher education in Taiwan: Parental education and income effects. Economics of Education Review, 25(6), 647–658.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lu, Y. (2009). Sibship size and education in South Africa: Black–white variations. Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, 27(2), 110–125.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Manski, C. F., Sandefur, G. D., Mclanahan, S., & Powers, D. (1992). Alternative estimates of the effect of family structure during adolescence on high school graduation. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 87(417), 25–37.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Manski, C. F., & Wise, D. A. (1983). College choice in America. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • McIntosh, J., & Munk, M. D. (2007). Scholastic ability vs family background in educational success: evidence from Danish sample survey data. Journal of Population Economics, 20(1), 101–120.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McMahon, W. W., & Geske, T. G. (Eds.). (1982). Financing education: Overcoming inefficiency and inequity. Champaign, IL: University of Illinois Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ministry of Education, Science and Sports (2008). Report on basic statistics and planning parameters for basic education in Ghana 2007/2008. EMIS Report, March, 2008.

  • Neuman, S. (1991). Parental background, educational attainments and returns to schooling and to marriage: the case of Israel. Applied Economics, 23, 1325–1334.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Psacharopoulos, G., & Woodhall, M. (1985). Education for development: An analysis of investment choices. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rozada, M. G., & Menendez, A. (2002). Public university in Argentina: Subsidizing the rich? Economics of Education Review, 21, 341–351.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tobias, J. L. (2003). The effects of cognitive ability and high school quality on college entry decisions: non parametric estimation of parameters of interest. Applied Economics, 35, 209–215.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • UIS (UNESCO Institute for Statistics) (2011). Public reports, Table 14: Tertiary indicators. Accessed 17 January 2011 from http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/TableViewer/tableView.aspx?ReportId=167.

  • WAEC (West African Examination Council) (2011). Examination files. Accra: WAEC.

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Hadrat Yusif.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Yusif, H., Yussof, I. & Osman, Z. Public university entry in Ghana: Is it equitable?. Int Rev Educ 59, 7–27 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11159-013-9331-y

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11159-013-9331-y

Keywords

Navigation