Abstract
In contrast to the previous studies that have conducted visual analyses of refugee documentaries, the aim of this study is to provide new insight into how the refugee crisis in Indochina has been portrayed in the Japanese media through documentaries by text mining narratives of the television program scripts. Out of the total of all 35 television documentaries that have been broadcasted by NHK in the past, this study sampled ten television documentaries, the oldest going back to the 1970s. In order to historically view how the portrayal of Indochinese refugees have changed over the years and how this might affect how Japanese perceive refugees, the following were sampled for this paper: one from 1977, four from the 1980s, two from the 1990s, two from the 2000s and one from 2014. The narration scripts of these documentary programs were re-created by hand into data, onsite at the NHK Archives in Tokyo. The data analysis was done through text mining by R. From the text-mining analysis and data visualization by weighted tag clouds and co-occurrence network maps of all ten documentaries, certain characteristics of the dominant refugee media agenda of each decade were clearly observed. One noteworthy finding is the general trend of how initially, refugees were seen as an alien collective, and gradually over the decades, the media made as transition of showing them more as individuals, families and finally as a part of the Japanese community.
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
Motohiro Ishida (2019). RMeCab: interface to MeCab. R package version 1.04.
English version of explanation of RMeCab found in Github as follows: https://github.com/IshidaMotohiro/RMeCab.
Ian Fellows (2018). wordcloud: Word Clouds. R package version 2.6. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=wordcloud.
Csardi G, Nepusz T: The igraph software package for complex network research, InterJournal, Complex Systems 1695. 2006. http://igraph.org.
References
Abrajano, M.A., Hajnal, Z., Hassell, H.J.G.: Media framing and partisan identity: the case of immigration coverage and white macropartisanship. J. Race Ethn. Polit. 2, 5–34 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1017/rep.2016.25
Ahn, J.: Medhia niokeru ijū josei no hyōshō - Kankoku Fyiripin o chūshin ni [Representation of immigrant women in the media: South Korea and the Philippines] (2010)
Ball-Rokeach, S.J., DeFleur, M.L.: A dependency model of mass-media effects. Commun. Res. 3, 3–21 (1976). https://doi.org/10.1177/009365027600300101
Berry, M., Garcia-Blanco, I., Moore, K.: Press coverage of the refugee and migrant crisis in the EU: a content analysis of five European countries report prepared for the United Nations High Commission for Refugees (2015)
Chen, M., Rubens, N., Anma, F., Okamoto, T.: Monitoring propagations in the blogosphere for viral marketing. J. Emerg. Technol. Web Intell. 4, 94–105 (2012). https://doi.org/10.4304/jetwi.4.1.94-105
Endo, K.: Medhia wa daishinsai genpatsu jiko o dō katatta ka: hōdō netto dokyumentari- o kenshōsuru [Media Narratives of the Great East Japan Earthquake: News, the Net, and Documentaries]. Tokyo Denki university Press, Tokyo (2012)
Entman, R.M.: Framing bias: media in the distribution of power. J. Commun. (2007). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00336.x
Fellows, I.: wordcloud: Word Clouds. R package version 2.6. (2018)
Furuta, M.: Akuchuarithi nanmin hōdō no otoshiana (The trap of refugee coverage). In: Kobayashi, Y., Funabiki, T. (eds.) Chi no gihō Tōkyōdaigaku kyōyō gakubu” kiso enshū” tekisuto [Methods of Knowledge—University of Tokyo Textbook], pp. 184–195. University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo (1994)
Garousi, V., Mäntylä, M.V.: Citations, research topics and active countries in software engineering: a bibliometrics study. Comput. Sci. Rev. 19, 56–77 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosrev.2015.12.002
Ishida, M.: RMeCab: interface to MeCab. R package version 1.04. (2019)
Ito, M.: Developing of television programs archives and the pursuit of new qualitative research. Jpn. Sociol. Rev. 65, 541–556 (2015)
Kato, G.: International news coverage and foreign image building. 1987–2015 (2017)
Katsurai, M., Ohmukai, I., Takeda, H.: Topic representation of researchers’ interests in a large-scale academic database and its application to author disambiguation. IEICE Trans. Inf. Syst. E99D, 1010–1018 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1587/transinf.2015DAP0031
Kawakami, I.: Nippon no kokusaika to Indoshina nanmin [Internationalization of Japan and Indochinese Refugees]. In: Kajita, T., Miyajima, T. (eds.) Kokusai shakai 1 kokusaika suru Nippon Shakai (International Society (1) Japan and Internationalization), pp. 179–203. University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo (2002)
Kawatake, K., Sugiyama, A., Shibuya, K.: Masumedhia ni arawareru gaikoku ime-ji no sutereo taipu gaikoku terebi bangumi no naka no Nippon ime-ji o chūshin ni (Stereotypes, images of foreign nations in the mass media). In: Kawatake, K., Sugiyama, A. (eds.) Medhia no tsutaeru gaikoku ime-ji (Foreign Images in the Media), pp. 47–76. Keibunsha, Tokyo (1996)
Keeter, S., Neuman, W.R., Just, M.R., Crigler, A.N.: Common knowledge: news and the construction of political meaning. Polit. Sci. Q. 108, 197 (2006). https://doi.org/10.2307/2152518
Lawlor, A., Tolley, E.: Deciding who’s legitimate: news media framing of immigrants and refugees. Int. J. Commun. 11, 967–991 (2017)
Li, H., An, H., Wang, Y., Huang, J., Gao, X.: Evolutionary features of academic articles co-keyword network and keywords co-occurrence network: based on two-mode affiliation network. Phys. A Stat. Mech. Appl. 450, 657–669 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2016.01.017
Liao, H., Tang, M., Luo, L., Li, C., Chiclana, F., Zeng, X.J.: A bibliometric analysis and visualization of medical big data research. Sustainability 10, 1–18 (2018). https://doi.org/10.3390/su10010166
Lowrey, W.: Media dependency during a large-scale social disruption: the case of September 11. Mass Commun. Soc. 7, 339–357 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327825mcs0703_5
Matsumoto, Y., Takaoka, K., Asahara, M.: ChaSen Morphological Analyzer Version 2.4.0 User’s Manual (2007)
Neuman, W.R., Just, M.R., Crigler, A.N.: Common Knowledge: Newes and the Construction of Political Meaning. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL (1992)
Nii, M., Yamaguchi, T., Mori, Y., Takahashi, Y., Sakashita, R., Uchinuno, A.: Classification of nursing-care data using additional term information. In: SCIS ISIS 2010—Joint 5th International Conference on Soft Computing and Intelligent Systems and 11th International Symposium on Advanced Intelligent Systems, pp. 1469–1474 (2010)
Papanikolaou, N., Pavlopoulos, G.A., Theodosiou, T., Vizirianakis, I.S., Iliopoulos, I.: DrugQuest—a text mining workflow for drug association discovery. BMC Bioinform. (2016). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12859-016-1041-6
Rubin, A.M., Windahl, S.: The uses and dependency model of mass communication. Crit. Stud. Mass Commun. 3, 184–199 (1986). https://doi.org/10.1080/15295039609366643
Scheufele, D.A.: Framing as a theory of media effects. J. Commun. (1999). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1999.tb02784.x
Scheufele, D.A., Tewksbury, D.: Framing, agenda setting, and priming: the evolution of three media effects models. J. Commun. 57, 9–20 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0021-9916.2007.00326.x
Strausz, M.: International pressure and domestic precedent: Japan’s resettlement of Indochinese refugees. Asian J. Polit. Sci. 20, 244–266 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1080/02185377.2012.748966
Sugawara, Y., Tanimoto, T., Miyagawa, S., Murakami, M., Tsuya, A., Tanaka, A., Kami, M., Narimatsu, H.: Scientific misconduct and social media: role of twitter in the stimulus triggered acquisition of pluripotency cells scandal. J. Med. Internet Res. 19, 1–10 (2017). https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.6706
Tsumoto, S., Kimura, T., Iwata, H., Hirano, S.: Estimation of disease code from electronic patient records. In: 2019 IEEE International Conference on Big Data (BigData), pp. 2698–2707 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1109/bigdata47090.2019.9006296
Wallace, R.: Contextualizing the crisis: the framing of Syrian refugees in Canadian print media. Can. J. Polit Sci. 51, 207–231 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1017/s0008423917001482
Wright, T.: Refugees on Screen, vol. 5. Refugee Studies Centre, Oxford (2000)
Wright, T.: Moving images: the media representation of refugees. Vis. Stud. 17, 53–66 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1080/1472586022000005053
Zhou, Z., Zhang, X., Zhou, X., Liu, Y.: Semantic-aware visual abstraction of large-scale social media data with geo-tags. IEEE Access 7, 114851–114861 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2935471
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank the kind assistance we received for being able to use the 2018 NHK Archives Trial for Academic Use – No. 4th (Heisei 30 nendo dai 4 kai NHK bangumi a-kaibusu gakujutsu riyō toraiaru) for permission to access to NHK documentary programs. An earlier version of this paper was presented at the 27th Asian Media and Information Centre General Assembly and Conference in June 2019. The authors would like to thank the anonymous reviewers for their comments. The authors would also like to thank the editors and staff for their support during the publication process.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Electronic supplementary material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Omoya, Y., Akashi, J. & Kaigo, M. Data visualization of texts in the transitions of framing Indochinese refugees by Japanese television documentaries. Qual Quant 54, 1363–1384 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-020-00996-6
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-020-00996-6