Skip to main content
Log in

Evidence on voter preferences from unrestricted choice referendums

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Public Choice Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

From 1939 to 1968 Florida used a unique referendum system to set property tax rates for public school operating expenditures at the median millage rate selected by voters. These referendums revealed the entire distribution of voter preferences, which is not possible in the standard up or down referendum. We are the first to use the Florida referendum data. The form of the ballot played an important role in how people voted. Voting machine elections were much more likely than paper ballots to result in rejections of the recommendations of school boards, and produced much greater dispersion of expressed preferences.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Bergstrom, T.C., Rubinfeld, D.L., & Shapiro, P. (1982). Micro-based estimates of demand functions for local school expenditures. Econometrica, 50(5), 1183–1206.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Black, D. (1958). The Theory of Committees and Elections. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bowen, H.R. (1943). The interpretation of voting in the allocation of economic resources. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 58, 27–48.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brennan, G., & Lomasky, L. (1993). Democracy and Decision: The Pure Theory of Electoral Preference. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cameron, A.C., & Trivedi, P.K. (2005). Microeconometrics: Methods and Applications. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clarke, E.H. (1971). Multipart pricing of public goods. Public Choice, 11, 17–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • DeCanio, S.J. (1980). Economic losses from forecast error in agriculture. Journal of Political Economy, 88, 234–258.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Downs, A. (1957). An Economic Theory of Democracy. New York: Harper & Row.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fiorina, M.P. (1976). The voting decision: Instrumental and expressive aspects. Journal of Politics, 38, 390–415.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton, J.T., & Ladd, H.F. (1996). Biased ballots? The impact of ballot structure on North Carolina elections in 1992. Public Choice, 87, 259–280.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holcombe, R.G. (1977). The Florida system: A Bowen equilibrium referendum process. National Tax Journal, 30, 77–84.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holcombe, R.G. (1980). An empirical test of the median voter model. Economic Inquiry, 18, 260–274.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holcombe, R.G. (1989). The median voter model in public choice theory. Public Choice, 61, 115–125.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hotelling, H. (1929). Stability in competition. Economic Journal, 39, 41–57.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Husted, T.A., Kenny, L.W., & Morton, R.B. (1995). Constituent errors in assessing their senators. Public Choice, 83, 251–271.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kahneman, D. (2003). Maps of bounded rationality: Psychology for behavioral economics. American Economic Review, 93, 1449–1475.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lott, J.R. Jr. (2003). Nonvoted ballots and discrimination in Florida. Journal of Legal Studies, 32, 181–220.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lott, J.R. Jr. (2004). Non-voted ballots, Voter Fatigue, and Race. Working paper.

  • Lupia, A. (1994). Shortcuts versus encyclopedias: Information and voting behavior in California insurance reform elections. American Political Science Review, 88, 63–76.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McKelvey, R.D. (1976). Intransitivities in multi dimensional voting models and some implications for agenda control. Journal of Economic Theory, 12, 472–482.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mueller, D.C. (2003). Public Choice III. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Munley, V.G. (1982). An alternative test of the Tiebout hypothesis. Public Choice, 38, 211–217.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Munley, V.G. (1984). Has the median voter found a ballot box that he can control? Economic Inquiry, 22, 323–336.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nechyba, T.J. (1990). The southern wage gap, human capital, and the quality of education. Southern Economic Journal, 57, 308–322.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Romer, T., & Rosenthal, H. (1978). Political resource allocation, controlled agendas, and the status quo. Public Choice, 33, 27–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt, A.B., Kenny, L.W., & Morton, R.B. (1996). Evidence on electoral accountability in the U.S. senate: Are unfaithful agents really punished? Economic Inquiry, 34, 545–567.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schultz, T.W. (1975). The value of the ability to deal with disequilibria. Journal of Economic Literature, 13, 827–846.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stata. (2001). Stata Reference Manual Release 7, Volume 2 H-P. College Station, Texas: State Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, N.C. (1968). Voting machines and voter participation in four Michigan constitutional revision referenda. Western Political Quarterly, 21, 409–419.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tideman, T.N., & Tullock, G. (1976). A new and superior process for making social choices. Journal of Political Economy, 84, 1145–1160.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Lawrence W. Kenny.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Holcombe, R.G., Kenny, L.W. Evidence on voter preferences from unrestricted choice referendums. Public Choice 131, 197–215 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11127-006-9113-1

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11127-006-9113-1

Keywords

Navigation