Abstract
Harvester-mounted yield monitor systems are increasingly used to document corn (Zea mays L.) yield. The three most commonly used spatial estimation methods to convert point data gathered with yield monitors to regular, grid-based, raster maps include nearest neighbor (NN), inverse distance weighting (IDW) and kriging. Seven spatial estimation methods (NN, IDW using 10, 20, 30 and all data points and kriging with exponential and Matérn covariance functions) were evaluated to determine the method that most accurately captures intra-field spatial variability of corn silage and corn grain yield in New York. Yield monitor data from two dairy farms and two grain operations were cleaned using Yield Editor prior to spatial analyses. The dataset included 7–10 years of data per farm for a combined 7484 ha (245 fields) of silage and 6971 ha (253 fields) of grain. Data were split into training (80%) and cross-validation datasets (remaining 20% of the data). Normalized root mean squared error (NRMSE) was used to evaluate the accuracy of the spatial estimation methods. Kriging with the Matérn covariance function resulted in the most accurate corn silage and grain yield raster maps both at the farm and field level. There were statistically significant differences in NRMSE between kriging with the Matérn isotropic covariance function and all other models for both corn silage and grain, regardless of field size, year when data were obtained or farm that supplied the data. These results are beneficial to ensure accurate and precise spatial mapping of yield products toward optimized corn growth management.
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Abbreviations
- CV:
-
Coefficient of variation
- EC:
-
Electrical conductivity
- GP:
-
Gaussian process
- GNSS:
-
Global navigation satellite systems
- IDW:
-
Inverse distance weighting
- NDVI:
-
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index
- NN:
-
Nearest neighbor
- NRMSE:
-
Normalized root mean squared error
- US:
-
United States
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Acknowledgements
We thank the farmers for sharing whole-farm corn silage and grain yield data and Benjamin Lehman, John Steele, and Sheryl Swink for yield data processing.
Funding
This research was funded with grants from USDA-NIFA, the Northern New York Agricultural Development Program (NNYADP), New York State Corn Growers Association (NYSCGA).
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Cho, J.B., Guinness, J., Kharel, T.P. et al. Spatial estimation methods for mapping corn silage and grain yield monitor data. Precision Agric 22, 1501–1520 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11119-021-09793-z
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11119-021-09793-z