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Natural products from marine invertebrates against Leishmania parasites: a comprehensive review

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Abstract

Parasitic infections by Leishmania parasites remains a severe public health problem, especially in developing countries where it is highly endemic. Chemotherapy still remains a first option for the treatment of those diseases, despite the fact that available drugs exhibit a variety of shortcomings. Thus, innovative, less toxic more affordable and effective antileishmanial agents are urgently needed. The marine environment holds an immeasurable bio- and chemical diversity, being a valuable source of natural products with therapeutic potential. As invertebrates comprise about 60 % of all marine organisms, bioprospecting this class of organisms for antileishmanial properties may unravel unique and selective hit molecules. In this context, this review covers results on the literature of marine invertebrate extracts and pure compounds evaluated against Leishmania parasites mainly by in vitro methods. It comprises results obtained from the phyla Porifera, Cnidaria, Bryozoa (Ectoprota), Mollusca, Echinodermata, Annelida, Cetnophora, Platyhelminthes, sub phyla Crustacea (phylum Arthropoda) and Tunicata (phylum Chordata). Moreover, structure–activity relationships and possible mechanisms of action are mentioned, whenever available information is provided. About 70 species of marine invertebrates belonging to seven different phyla are included in this work. Besides a variety of crude extracts, a total of 140 pure compounds was tested against different Leishmania species. Although the research on the antileishmanial potential of marine invertebrates is in its early beginnings, promising results have been achieved that encourage further research. As more extracts and compounds are being screened, the possibility of finding active and selective antileishmanial molecules increases, rising new hope in the search for new treatments against leishmaniases.

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Abbreviations

BuOH:

Butanol

CC50 :

Cytotoxic concentration that lysis 50 % of cells

CH2Cl2 :

Dichloromethane

CL:

Cutaneous leishmaniasis

EtOAc:

Ethyl acetate

Hex:

Hexane

IC50 :

Inhibitory concentration that lysis 50 % of Leishmania parasites

MCL:

Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis

MeOH:

Methanol

SI:

Selectivity index

SAR:

Structure-activity relationship

VL:

Visceral leishmaniasis

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Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the XtremeBio project (PTDC/MAR-EST/4346/2012) funded by Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) and the Portuguese National Budget. This work also received national funds through FCT project CCMAR/Multi/04326/2013. Luísa Custódio was supported by the FCT Investigator Programme (IF/00049/2012). Katkam N. Gangadhar is a post-doctoral researcher funded by the FCT (SFRH/BPD/81882/2011).

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  1. Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal

    Marta Oliveira, Luísa Barreira, Katkam N. Gangadhar, Maria João Rodrigues, Tamára Santos, João Varela & Luísa Custódio

  2. Institute of Chemical and Biological Technology, New University of Lisbon, Avenida da República, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal

    Katkam N. Gangadhar

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  1. Marta Oliveira
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Oliveira, M., Barreira, L., Gangadhar, K.N. et al. Natural products from marine invertebrates against Leishmania parasites: a comprehensive review. Phytochem Rev 15, 663–697 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11101-016-9455-3

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