Abstract
On January 24, 2020, a severe earthquake of magnitude Mw 6.8 hit the Sivrice district of Elazığ province at 20:55 (17:55 GMT) local time. This earthquake caused significant damages, partial or total collapses in many buildings with 41 fatalities. A few days after the earthquake, our reconnaissance team visited city centers, districts and villages in the region and, then, carried out an investigation and assessments. The results and suggestions obtained after the earthquakes are very important in designing earthquake-resistant structures and reducing the casualties. This study aims to identify deficiencies and reveal the causes of damages by examining the failure mechanisms of structures. Firstly, the effect of the destructive seismic event is discussed and the historical earthquakes in the region are summarized. Then, strong ground motion data and the structural damages observed from different building types are evaluated. The damage patterns and failure mechanisms are analyzed and interpreted based on the Turkish Earthquake Codes.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ambraseys N, Jackson J (1998) Faulting associated with historical and recent earthquakes in the Eastern Mediterranean region. Geophys J Int 133:390–406. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-246X.1998.00508.x
Anbazhagan P et al (2019) Reconnaissance report on geotechnical effects and structural damage caused by the 3 January 2017 Tripura earthquake. India Natural Hazards 98:425–450. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-019-03699-w
Arınel C (1994) Hazır Beton Biliği 7. Olağan Genel Kurulu Yapıldı Hazır Beton: pp. 10–11 (in Turkish)
Arvanitakis G (1903) Essai sur le climat de Jerusalem Bulletin de l’Institut Égyptien, ser 4:128–189
Bikçe M (2016) A database for fatalities and damages due to the earthquakes in Turkey (1900–2014). Natural Hazards 83:1359–1418. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-016-2397-7
Bikçe M, Çelik TB (2016) Failure analysis of newly constructed RC buildings designed according to 2007 Turkish Seismic Code during the October 23 Van earthquake. Eng Failure Anal 64:67–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2016.03.008
Calayır Y, Sayın E, Yön B (2012) Performance of structures in the rural area during the March 8, 2010 Elazığ-Kovancılar earthquake. Natural hazards 61:703–717. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-011-0056-6
Calvi S (1979) Türkiye ve bazı Komşu ülkelerin deprem kataloğu E Kumcu, Çev İstanbul (in Turkish)
Celep Z, Erken A, Taskin B, Ilki A (2011) Failures of masonry and concrete buildings during the March 8, 2010 Kovancılar and Palu (Elazığ) earthquakes in Turkey. Eng Failure Anal 18:868–889. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2010.11.001
Cumhuriyet (2020) Newspaper. http://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr/video/depremde-hasar-alan-bina-yikilirken-coktu-1718164. Accessed 16 February 2020
DASK (2019) Natural Disaster Insurance Institution. https://www.dask.gov.tr/mevzuat-6305Sayili-kanun.html. Accessed 21 February 2019
DEMA (2009) Turkish Prime Ministry-Disaster and Emergency Management Agency. https://www.afad.gov.tr/elazig-ve-malatyada-iyilestirme-calismalari-devam-ediyorkampanya. Accessed 5 February 2020
DEMA (2018) Turkey Earthquake Hazard Maps Interactive Web Applications. https://tdth.afad.gov.tr/. Accessed February 20 2020
Demirtaş R, Yılmaz R (1996) Türkiye’nin sismotektoniği Bayındırlık ve İskân Bakanlığı Yayınları, Ankara 37 (in Turkish)
Doǧangün A (2004) Performance of reinforced concrete buildings during the May 1, 2003 Bingöl Earthquake in Turkey. Eng Struct 26:841–856. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2004.02.005
Duman TY, Emre Ö (2013) The East Anatolian Fault: geometry, segmentation and jog characteristics. Geological Society London, Special Publications 372:495–529. https://doi.org/10.1144/SP372.14
Earthquakes@GA (1946) Earthquakes Geoscience Australia. https://earthquakes.ga.gov.au/. Accessed 4 February 2020
Elazigsonhaber (2020) Newspaper. https://www.elazigsonhaber.com/gundem/elazig-daki-binalarda-son-durum-ne-h59122.html. Accessed 27 January 2020
EMSC (1975) European Mediterranean Seismological Centre. https://www.emsc-csem.org/#2. Accessed 4 February 2020
Erdik M, Demircioglu M, Sesetyan K, Durukal E, Siyahi B (2004) Earthquake hazard in Marmara region, Turkey. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 24:605–631. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2004.04.003
Erdik M, Kamer Y, Demircioğlu M, Şeşetyan K (2012) 23 October 2011 Van (Turkey) earthquake. Natural Hazards 64:651–665. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-012-0263-9
Erkmen C, Eravcı B (2008) Revised destructive earthquake catalogue for Turkey and nearby surrounding area between 1900–1930. European Seismological Commission 31st General Assembly Abstracts. p: 71. Hersonissos, Creta Island Greece
GEOSCOPE (1982) Global Netwok of Broad Band Seismic Stations. http://geoscope.ipgp.fr/index.php/en/. Accessed 4 February 2020
Guidoboni E, Comastri A (2005) Catalogue of Earthquakes and Tsunamis in the Mediterranean Area from the 11th to the 15th Century. Istituto nazionale di geofisica e vulcanologia Rome, Italy
Gürsoy H, Tatar O, Akpınar Z, Polat A, Mesci L, Tunçer D (2013) New observations on the 1939 Erzincan Earthquake surface rupture on the Kelkit Valley segment of the North Anatolian Fault Zone. Turkey J Geodyn 65:259–271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jog.2012.06.002
Haberler (2020) Newspaper. https://www.haberler.com/elazig-daki-depreme-iliskin-haberlerimizi-12850888-haberi/, . Accessed 25 February 2020
Herece E (2003) Doğu anadolu fayı deprem ve kentleşme. TMMOB Jeoloji Mühendisleri Odası yayınları 78 (in Turkish)
Hurriyet (2020) Newspaper. https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/tam-o-an-4-2lik-depremde-coktu-41449295. Accessed 17 February 2020
Karanci AN, Rustemli A (1995) Psychological consequences of the 1992 Erzincan (Turkey) earthquake Disasters 19:8–18 doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7717.1995.tb00328.x
KOERI (2006) Bogazici University, Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute, 24 January Sivrice-ELAZIG Earthquake. http://www.koeri.boun.edu.tr/sismo/2/24-ocak-sivrice-elazig-depremi-2/. Accessed 10 February 2020
Malatya Governorship (2020) Database of open data. http://www.malatya.gov.tr/malatya-valiligi-basin-duyurusu-16032020. Accessed 16 March 2020
Malatyatime (2020) Newspaper. https://www.malatyatime.com/haber/hasar-goren-tarihi-yapilar-onarilacak-67324.html. Accessed 7 February 2020
Mebpersonel (2020) Newspaper. https://www.mebpersonel.com/egitim/elazig-da-hasarli-80-okulda-egitim-yapilmayacak-h236595.html. Accessed 2 February 2020
Milliyet (2020) Newspaper. https://www.milliyet.com.tr/gundem/malatya-valiligi-depremde-56-konut-yikildi-6130700. Accessed 26 January 2020
Ministry of Education (2020). https://www.meb.gov.tr/deprem-bolgesinde-yari-yil-tatili-uzatildi/haber/20217/tr. Accessed January 29 2020
Ministry of Public Works and Settlement Building (2008) Inspection Implementing Regulation dated 5 February 2008.
Ministry of Public Worksand Settlement (2001) Construction inspection law.
Ntv (1996) News channel and newspaper. https://www.ntv.com.tr/turkiye/bakan-donmezden-deprem-bolgesinde-elektrik-kesintisi-aciklamasi,eY99MC08aUq_hnrQGd6tGg. Accessed 25 February 2020
Official Gazette (2020) Presidential decree no:31058. https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2020/03/20200304.pdf. Accessed 1 March 2020 (in Turkish)
Onedio (2020) Newspaper. https://onedio.com/haber/mavigol-kalay-ayken-elazig-daki-depremde-yikilarak-icindekilere-mezar-olan-apartmanlar-895549. Accessed 26 January 2020
Oymael S, Yeginobalı A (1994) Elazıg Yöresinde Hazır Beton Uygulamaları. Paper presented at the TMMOB inşaat Mühendisleri Odası,
Özacar AA, Zandt G, Gilbert H, Beck SL (2010) Seismic images of crustal variations beneath the East Anatolian Plateau (Turkey) from teleseismic receiver functions. Geol Soc London, Special Publ 340:485–496. https://doi.org/10.1144/SP340.21
Pozos-Estrada A, Chávez MM, Jaimes MÁ, Arnau O, Guerrero H (2019) Damages observed in locations of Oaxaca due to the Tehuantepec Mw8. 2 earthquake. Mexico Natural Hazards 97:623–641. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-019-03662-9
RTMEU (2020a) Republic of Turkey Ministry of Environment and Urbanization, Turkey. https://www.csb.gov.tr/bakan-kurum-elazigdaki-hasar-tespit-calismalarini-anlatti-bakanlik-faaliyetleri-29711. Accessed 8 February 2020
RTMEU (2020b) Republic of Turkey Ministry of Environment and Urbanization, Turkey. 6306 Sayılı Kanun Kapsamında Riskli Yapıların Tespiti için Yetki Verilen Kurum ve Kuruluşlar. http://www.csb.gov.tr/gm/altyapi/index.php?Sayfa=iller. Accessed 9 February 2020 (in Turkish)
Saatcioglu M et al (2001) The August 17, 1999, Kocaeli (Turkey) earthquake damage to structures Canadian. Journal of Civil Engineering 28:715–737. https://doi.org/10.1139/l01-043
Sabah (2020) Newspaper. https://www.sabah.com.tr/galeri/yasam/elazigda-agir-hasar-goren-okul-yikildi-ogrenciler-o-anlar-gozyaslari-icinde-izledi/14. Accessed 30 January 2020
Sayın E, Yön B, Calayır Y, Karaton M (2013) Failures of masonry and adobe buildings during the June 23, 2011 Maden-(Elazığ) earthquake in Turkey. Eng Failure Anal 34:779–791. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2012.10.016
Sezen H, Whittaker A, Elwood K, Mosalam K (2003) Performance of reinforced concrete buildings during the August 17, 1999 Kocaeli, Turkey earthquake, and seismic design and construction practise in Turkey. Eng Struct 25:103–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-0296(02)00121-9
Sieberg A (1932) Untersuchungen über Erdbeben und Bruchschollenbau im östlichen Mittelmeergebiet: Ergebnisse einer erdbebenkundlichen Orientreise, unternommen im Frühjahr 1928 mit Mitteln der Notgemeinschaft der deutschen Wissenschaft. G. Fischer,
Soysal H, Sipahioğlu S, Kolçak D, Altınok Y (1981) Türkiye ve çevresinin tarihsel deprem kataloğu.
Sozcu (2020) Newspaper. https://www.sozcu.com.tr/2020/gundem/son-dakika-elazig-depreminde-olu-sayisi-39a-yukseldi-5590065/. Accessed 27 January 2020
Tapan M, Comert M, Demir C, Sayan Y, Orakcal K, Ilki A (2013) Failures of structures during the October 23, 2011 Tabanlı (Van) and November 9, 2011 Edremit (Van) earthquakes in Turkey. Eng Failure Anal 34:606–628. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2013.02.013
TEC (1975) Turkish Earthquake Code, Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency
TEC (1997) Turkish Earthquake Code, Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency
TEC (2007) Turkish Earthquake Code, Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency
TEC (2018) Turkish Earthquake Code, Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency
Trthaber (2020) Newspaper. https://www.trthaber.com/haber/gundem/elazig-sehir-hastanesini-sismik-izolasyon-korudu-457054.html. Accessed 28 January 2020
Turkey ready-mixed concrete unity (2020) Elazig Earthquake Review Report. https://www.thbb.org/teknik-bilgiler/raporlar/elazig-depremi. Accessed 16 March 2020
TURKSTAT (2019) Turkish Statistical Institute. http://www.tuik.gov.tr/UstMenu.do?metod=temelist. Accessed 16 February 2020.
USGS (2011) The United States Geological Survey Tectonic Map of Turkey.
USGS (2012) The United States Geological Survey M 6.7 - 10km NNE of Doganyol, Turkey. https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us60007ewc/dyfi/intensity. Accessed 10 February 2020
Yönlü Ö (2012) Doğu anadolu fay zonu’nun Gölbaşı (Adıyaman) ile Karataş (Adana) arasındaki kesiminin geç kuvaterner aktivitesi. Eskisehir Osmangazi University (in Turkish)
Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful to the Prime Ministry-Disaster and Emergency Management for the use permits of the earthquake data and thank the students of İskenderun Technical University, Abdullah KARAKAŞ, Ali Mert DÖRÜCÜ, Seda YEDEK and Mahmut ATALAN for their assistance in site investigations.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Bayrak, O.F., Bikçe, M. & Erdem, M.M. Failures of structures during the January 24, 2020, Sivrice (Elazığ) Earthquake in Turkey. Nat Hazards 108, 1943–1969 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-021-04764-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-021-04764-z