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Two Metabolic Fuels, Glucose and Lactate, Differentially Modulate Exocytotic Glutamate Release from Cultured Astrocytes

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Abstract

Astrocytes have a prominent role in metabolic homeostasis of the brain and can signal to adjacent neurons by releasing glutamate via a process of regulated exocytosis. Astrocytes synthesize glutamate de novo owing to the pyruvate entry to the citric/tricarboxylic acid cycle via pyruvate carboxylase, an astrocyte specific enzyme. Pyruvate can be sourced from two metabolic fuels, glucose and lactate. Thus, we investigated the role of these energy/carbon sources in exocytotic glutamate release from astrocytes. Purified astrocyte cultures were acutely incubated (1 h) in glucose and/or lactate-containing media. Astrocytes were mechanically stimulated, a procedure known to increase intracellular Ca2+ levels and cause exocytotic glutamate release, the dynamics of which were monitored using single cell fluorescence microscopy. Our data indicate that glucose, either taken-up from the extracellular space or mobilized from the intracellular glycogen storage, sustained glutamate release, while the availability of lactate significantly reduced the release of glutamate from astrocytes. Based on further pharmacological manipulation during imaging along with tandem mass spectrometry (proteomics) analysis, lactate alone, but not in the hybrid fuel, caused metabolic changes consistent with an increased synthesis of fatty acids. Proteomics analysis further unveiled complex changes in protein profiles, which were condition-dependent and generally included changes in levels of cytoskeletal proteins, proteins of secretory organelle/vesicle traffic and recycling at the plasma membrane in aglycemic, lactate or hybrid-fueled astrocytes. These findings support the notion that the availability of energy sources and metabolic milieu play a significant role in gliotransmission.

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Acknowledgements

We would like to thank the UAB Targeted Metabolomics and Proteomics Laboratory Core facility for providing mass spectrometry services. VP is an Honorary Professor at University of Rijeka, Croatia.

Funding

This work is supported by a Grant from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the National Institutes of Health (R01GM123971 to VP).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Neurobiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA

    Vedrana Montana & Vladimir Parpura

  2. Luxumbra Strategic Research, LLC, Arlington, VA, USA

    Daniel Flint

  3. Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

    Helle S. Waagepetersen & Arne Schousboe

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  1. Vedrana Montana
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  2. Daniel Flint
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  3. Helle S. Waagepetersen
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  5. Vladimir Parpura
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Contributions

VM, HSW, AS and VP contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by VM (Ca2+ and glutamate imaging), and DF (preparation of samples for mass spectrometry analysis and data analysis). Figures and Tables were prepared by VM, DF and VP. The first draft of the manuscript was written by VM, which was reviewed and edited by AS and VP. All authors commented on subsequent version(s) of the manuscript, and read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Vedrana Montana or Vladimir Parpura.

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All procedures involving animals were approved by The University of Alabama at Birmingham Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee.

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Special Issue: In Honor of Vladimir Parpura.

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Montana, V., Flint, D., Waagepetersen, H.S. et al. Two Metabolic Fuels, Glucose and Lactate, Differentially Modulate Exocytotic Glutamate Release from Cultured Astrocytes. Neurochem Res 46, 2551–2579 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11064-021-03340-y

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