Abstract
For 2D vector maps, obtaining rotation, uniform scaling and translation (RST) invariance property, embedding distortion control and high capacity is a technically challenging task of existing reversible watermarking schemes. Using the idea of normalized vertices, we propose a method that not only tolerates RST transformations but also provides good invisibility and high capacity. In particular, we propose transforming the vertices to a new coordinate system, calculating a normalized vertex for each transformed vertex, and embedding watermarks into the normalized vertices using an improved quantization index modulation (IQIM) based reversible watermarking technique. While the embedding into each coordinate of every normalized vertex provides RST invariance property and high capacity, the selection of the embedding parameter ensures the control of the embedding distortions. Experimental results show that the proposed scheme provides good reversibility and is robust against RST attacks. The comparisons with existing reversible watermarking schemes show that this scheme provides embedding distortion control and higher capacity.
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28 December 2016
An erratum to this article has been published.
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Acknowledgments
This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 61602218) and University Science Research Project of Jiangsu Province (Grant No.16KJB520011).
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An erratum to this article is available at https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-016-4272-7.
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Wang, N. Reversible watermarking for 2D vector maps based on normalized vertices. Multimed Tools Appl 76, 20935–20953 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-016-3970-5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-016-3970-5