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Estrogenic hormones receptors in Alzheimer’s disease

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Abstract

Estrogens are hormones that play a critical role during development and growth for the adequate functioning of the reproductive system of women, as well as for maintaining bones, metabolism, and cognition. During menopause, the levels of estrogens are decreased, altering their signaling mediated by their intracellular receptors such as estrogen receptor alpha and beta (ERα and ERβ), and G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER). In the brain, the reduction of molecular pathways mediated by estrogenic receptors seems to favor the progression of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) in postmenopausal women. In this review, we investigate the participation of estrogen receptors in AD in women during aging.

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Abbreviations

AD:

Alzheimer’s disease

AF-1:

Activation function 1

AF-2:

Activation function 2

APP/PS1:

Amyloid precursor protein/presenilin1

Aβ:

β-amyloid

CHO:

Cholesterol

DBD:

DNA-binding domain

DES:

Desmosterol

DHCR24:

3-Beta-hydroxysterol delta-24-reductase

E2:

Estradiol

EB:

Estradiol-benzoate

EGF:

Epidermal growth factor

ERα:

Estrogen receptor alpha

ERβ:

Estrogen receptor beta

GPER:

G-protein-coupled estrogen receptor

GPR30:

G-protein-coupled receptor

IGF:

Insulin-like growth factor

LBD:

Ligand-binding domain

NFTs:

Neurofibrillary tangles

Pel:

Pelargonidin

PU:

Puerarin

SERMs:

Selective estrogen receptor modulators

UBC9:

Sumo-conjugating enzyme 9

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Acknowledgements

We thank Alfonso Ramos Flores and Josué Orlando Ramíres Jarquín their assistance with this manuscript.

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  1. Programa en Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México (UACM), Apdo. Postal 03100, Ciudad de México, México

    Angeles C. Tecalco-Cruz & Bibiana Ortega-Domínguez

  2. Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apdo. Postal 04510, Ciudad de México, México

    Jesús Zepeda–Cervantes

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  1. Angeles C. Tecalco-Cruz
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ACT-C: designed the research, discussed, and integrated the information, and wrote the manuscript. JZ-C and BO-D: helped in the research and in the integration of information.

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Tecalco-Cruz, A.C., Zepeda–Cervantes, J. & Ortega-Domínguez, B. Estrogenic hormones receptors in Alzheimer’s disease. Mol Biol Rep 48, 7517–7526 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-021-06792-1

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