Abstract
Glutamate represents the main excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian brain; however, its excessive elevation in the extracellular space is cytotoxic and can result in neuronal death. The ischemia initiated brain damage reflects changes in glutamate concentration in peripheral blood. This paper investigated the role of the brain in blood efflux of the glutamate in an improved tolerance of the brain tissue to ischemic conditions. In the rat model of focal brain ischemia, the neuroprotection was initiated by rapid remote ischemic preconditioning (rRIPC). Our results confirmed a strong neuroprotective effect of rRIPC. We observed reduced infarction by about 78% related to improved neuronal survival by about 70% in the ischemic core. The level of tissue glutamate in core and penumbra dropped significantly and decreased to control value also in the core region of the contralateral hemisphere. Despite significant improvement of blood–brain barrier integrity (by about 76%), the additional gain of glutamate content in the peripheral blood was caused by rRIPC. Based on our results, we can assume that neuroprotection mediated by rapid remote ischemic preconditioning could lie in the regulated, whole-brain release of glutamate from nerve tissue to the blood, which preserves neurons from the exposure to glutamate toxicity and results in reduced infarction.
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The authors gratefully acknowledge the excellent technical assistance of Dana Jurusova. This study was supported by the Slovak Grant Agencies VEGA 1/0218/18 and VEGA 2/0029/18.
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This article contains studies with animals. The experiments were carried out following the protocol for animal care approved by European Communities Council Directive (2010/63/EU) with permission of The State Veterinary and Food Administration of the Slovak Republic (4451/14–221 and 4247/15–221) under the supervision of Ethical council of Institute of Neurobiology SAS. Every effort was made to reduce the number of animals used and to minimize animal suffering; all operations were performed by an experienced surgeon. Minimal handling and analgetic drug were used to minimalize animal pain and distress.
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Jachova, J., Gottlieb, M., Nemethova, M. et al. Brain to blood efflux as a mechanism underlying the neuroprotection mediated by rapid remote preconditioning in brain ischemia. Mol Biol Rep 47, 5385–5395 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-020-05626-w
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-020-05626-w