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Lay beliefs about competition: Scale development and gender differences

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Abstract

Women are less competitive than men in most contexts studied. This difference has been linked to the gender gap in socio-economic outcomes. To examine whether this gender difference is linked to differential beliefs about competition, we developed a scale measuring lay beliefs about competition and tested whether these beliefs account for gender differences in competitive attitudes and behaviors. A mini meta-analysis (N = 2331) of responses to this scale shows that men attribute more positive outcomes to competition than women. In particular, men are more likely to believe that competition improves performance, builds character, and leads to creative problem-solving. In contrast, the gender differences are smaller, less robust, and inconsistent for the different negative outcomes attributed to competition, such as encouraging unethical behavior, hurting self-esteem, and damaging relationships. We also show in two studies that only positive lay beliefs about competition predict competitive attitudes and behaviors, and account for (some of) the gender difference in competitiveness. We discuss possible reasons that women and men hold different beliefs about competition and the implications of these differences for the optimal design of social and organizational structures.

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Notes

  1. The data for this study were collected in the context of a larger project (Jury et al. 2019; Korn et al. 2019). None of the findings from the research herein have been presented in any prior work.

  2. We tested whether participants who participated in the second round were different from those who did not. The two groups did not differ in gender composition [χ2(1) = 0.55, p = .47], average endorsement of positive beliefs about competition [F(1, 901) = 0.30, p = .86], or average endorsement of negative beliefs about competition [F(1, 901) < 0.01, p = .95]. However, participants who did participate in the second round were significantly older (M = 37.0, SD = 11.8) than participants who did not complete the second round (M = 32.0, SD = 10.2), F(1, 901) = 23.3, p < .01.

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Acknowledgements

We thank Dan Cable and Michael Parke for their helpful comments on earlier drafts of this paper.

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  1. Organisational Behaviour Subject Area, London Business School, Sussex Place, Regent’s Park, London, NW1 4SA, UK

    Selin Kesebir & Madan M. Pillutla

  2. UCL School of Management, University College London (UCL), Level 38 One Canada Square, Canary Wharf, London, E14 5AA, UK

    Sun Young Lee

  3. Department of Clinical and Social Psychology, University of Rochester, RC Box 270266, Rochester, NY, 14627-0266, USA

    Andrew J. Elliot

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Kesebir, S., Lee, S.Y., Elliot, A.J. et al. Lay beliefs about competition: Scale development and gender differences. Motiv Emot 43, 719–739 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-019-09779-5

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