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Three finger toxins of elapids: structure, function, clinical applications and its inhibitors

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Abstract

The WHO lists snakebite as a “neglected tropical disease”. In tropical and subtropical areas, envenoming is an important public health issue. This review article describes the structure, function, chemical composition, natural inhibitors, and clinical applications of Elapids’ Three Finger Toxins (3FTX) using scientific research data. The primary venomous substance belonging to Elapidae is 3FTX, that targets nAChR. Three parallel β-sheets combine to create 3FTX, which has four or five disulfide bonds. The three primary types of 3FTX are short-chain, long-chain, and nonconventional 3FTX. The functions of 3FTX depend on the specific toxin subtype and the target receptor or ion channel. The well-known effect of 3FTX is probably neurotoxicity because of the severe consequences of muscular paralysis and respiratory failure in snakebite victims. 3FTX have also been studied for their potential clinical applications. α-bungarotoxin has been used as a molecular probe to study the structure and function of nAChRs (Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors). Acid-sensing ion channel (ASIC) isoforms 1a and 1b are inhibited by Mambalgins, derived from Black mamba venom, which hinders their function and provide an analgesic effect. α- Cobra toxin is a neurotoxin purified from Chinese cobra (Naja atra) binds to nAChR at the neuronal junction and causes an analgesic effect for moderate to severe pain. Some of the plants and their compounds have been shown to inhibit the activity of 3FTX, and their mechanisms of action are discussed.

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All necessary data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article [and its supplementary information files].

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Acknowledgements

The authors are thankful to the Director, ICMR-National Institute of Traditional Medicine, Belagavi, and the Principal, KLE College of Pharmacy, Belagavi, KAHER, Belagavi for the encouragement and support of this work.

Funding

This study was funded by intramural research grants of ICMR-National Institute of Traditional Medicine, Belagavi, India.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. ICMR-National Institute of Traditional Medicine, Belagavi, Karnataka, 590010, India

    Kashinath Hiremath, Jagadeesh Dodakallanavar, Ganesh H. Sampat, Vishal S. Patil, Darasaguppe R. Harish, Harsha V. Hegde & Subarna Roy

  2. KLE College of Pharmacy, Belagavi, KLE Academy of Higher Education and Research, Belagavi, Karnataka, 590010, India

    Kashinath Hiremath, Jagadeesh Dodakallanavar, Ganesh H. Sampat, Vishal S. Patil & Rajashekar Chavan

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  1. Kashinath Hiremath
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Contributions

KH: Main worker, designing of work, writing the original draft. JD: Data curation and review. GHS: Data curation and review. VSP: Review and drafting. DRH: Supervision, Concept, Data curation and review. RC: Co-Supervision. HVH: Review. SR: Co-supervision and review.

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Correspondence to Darasaguppe R. Harish or Rajashekar Chavan.

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Hiremath, K., Dodakallanavar, J., Sampat, G.H. et al. Three finger toxins of elapids: structure, function, clinical applications and its inhibitors. Mol Divers (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11030-023-10734-3

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