Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IFN-γ, TNF-α and its relationship with lipid parameters in patients with major depression

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Metabolic Brain Disease Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

There is some evidence that an immune response with an increased production of proinflammatory cytokines frequently accompanies major depression. The aim of this study was to determine the serum levels of interleukines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and immonuglobulines (IgG, IgA and IgM) levels and to examine the relationships between all above parameters and lipid parameters. The study group included 30 patients and 30 healthy volunteers. Although total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, and IgM levels were increased significantly (p < 0.05) in patients and compared to those of the controls, no statistically significant differences (p > 0.05) were observed with other parameters. IFN-γ were positively correlated with total cholesterol (r = 0.425; P = 0.019) and LDL-cholesterol (r = 0.391; P = 0.032) levels in patients. Other cytokines and immunoglobulins did not show any correlation with lipid parameters. It was concluded that although no differences was observed in cytokines and immunoglobulin levels in the present study, the dysregulation of the lipids and immune system including the cytokine network is associated with the etiology and pathophysiology of major depressive disorders.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Almeida-Montes LG, Valles-Sanchez V, Moreno-Aguilar J et al (2000) Relation-of serum cholesterol, lipid, serotonin and tryptophan levels to severity of depression and to suicide attempts. J Psychiatry Neurosci 25:371–377

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Angele MK, Faist E (2002) Clinical review: immunodepression in the surgical patient and increased susceptibility to infection. Crit Care 6:298–305

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bao AM, Meynen G, Swaab DF (2008) The stress system in depression and neurodegeneration: focus on the human hypothalamus. Brain Res Rev 57:2531–2553

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barragan-Rodríguez L, Rodríguez-Morán M, Guerrero-Romero F (2007) Depressive symptoms and hypomagnesemia in older diabetic subjects. Arch Med Res 38:752–756

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bousquet C, Zatelli CM, Melmed S (2000) Direct regulation of pituitary proopiomelanocortin by STAT3 provides a novel mechanism for immuno-neuroendocrine interfacing. J Clin Invest 106:1417–1425

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brambilla F, Monteleone P (2004) Interleukin-1beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in children with major depressive disorder or dysthymia. J Affect Disord 78(3):273–277

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Choi SH, Suh KY (1998) Interleukin-1 beta, -2, -6 production, serum concentration and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in patients with major depression. J Korean Neuropsychiatr Assoc 37(3):537–547

    Google Scholar 

  • Colin A, Reggers J, Castronovo V (2003) Lipids, depression and suicide. Encephale 29:49–58

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Connor TJ, Leonard EB (1998) Depressin, stress and immunological activation: the role of cytokines in depressive disorders. Life Sci 62(7):583–606

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Das PP, Malhotra S, Chakrabarti S (2010) Elevated total cholesterol in severely depressed patients: role in cardiovascular risk. World J Biol Psychiatry 11(2):321–328

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ebesunun MO, Eruvulobi HU, Olagunju T (2012) Elevated plasma homocysteine in association with decreased vitamin B(12), folate, serotonin, lipids and lipoproteins in depressed patients. Afr J Psychiatry 15:25–29

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eby GA, Eby KL (2010) Magnesium for treatment-resistant depression: a review and hypothesis. Med Hypotheses 74:649–660

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Farooqui AA (2009) Lipid mediators in the neural cell nucleus: their metabolism, signaling, and association with neurological disorders. Neuroscientist 15:392–407

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Feingold KR, Hardardóttir I, Grunfeld C (1998) Beneficial effects of cytokine induced hyperlipidemia. Z Ernährungswiss 1:66–74

    Google Scholar 

  • Glaser R, Kiecolt-Glaser KJ (2005) Stress- induced immune dysfunction: implications for health. Nat Rev Immunol 5(3):243–251

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grippo AJ, Johnson AK (2002) Biological mechanisms in the relationship between depression and heart disease. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 26(8):941–962

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Himmerich H, Fulda S, Linseisen J et al (2008) Depression, comorbidities and the TNF-alpha system. Eur Psychiatry 23(6):421–429

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huang TL, Lee CT (2007) T-helper 1/T-helper 2 cytokine imbalance and clinical phenotypes of acute-phase major depression. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 61:415–420

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Joynt KE, Whellan DJ, O'Connor CM (2003) Depression and cardiovascular disease: mechanisms of interaction. Biol Psychiatry 54:248–261

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Katayama I, Bae SJ, Hamasaki Y et al (2001) Stress response, tachykinin, and cutaneous inflammation. J Investigative Dermatology Symposium Proceedings 6:81–86

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Katon WJ, Rutter C, Simon G et al (2005) The association of comorbid depression with mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 28:2668–2672

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Khalid A, Lal N, Trivedi JK et al (1998) Serum lipids: new biological markers in depression ? Indian J Psychiatry 40:217–223

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kirpinar I, Caykoylu A, Coskun I et al (1998) Depresyonda plazma kolesterol ve trigliserid düzeyleri. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi 9:23–27 (Turkish)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kyrou I, Chrousos GP, Tsigos C (2006) Stress, visceral obesity, and metabolic complications. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1083:77–110

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lehto SM, Ruusunen A, Niskanen L, Tolmunen T et al (2010a) Elevated depressive symptoms and compositional changes in LDL particles in middle-aged men. Eur J Epidemiol 25:403–409

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lehto SM, Niskanen L, Herzig KH et al (2010b) Serum chemokine levels in major depressive disorder. Psychoneuroendocrinology 35(2):226–232

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lima L, Pousada J, Barbosa C (2005) Magnesium deficiency and insulin resistance in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol 49:959–963

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Loftis JM, Huckans M, Morasco BJ (2010) Neuroimmune mechanisms of cytokine-induced depression: current theories and novel treatment strategies. Neurobiol Dis 37:519–533

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ludewig B, Freigang S, Jäggi M et al (2000) Linking immune-mediated arterial inflammation and cholesterol-induced atherosclerosis in a transgenic mouse model. Proc Natl Acad Sci 97:12752–12757

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lyness JM, Moynihan JA, Williford DJ et al (2001) Depression, medical illness, and interleukin-1beta in older cardiac patients. Int J Psychiatry Med 31(3):305–310

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maes M (1999) Major depression and activation of the inflammatory response system. In: Dantzer R (ed) Cytokines, stress and depression. Plenum, New York, pp 25–46

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Maes M (2008) The cytokine hypothesis of depression: inflammation, oxidative & nitrosative stress (IO&NS) and leaky gut as new targets for adjunctive treatments in depression. Neuro Endocrinol Lett 29:287–291

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maes M, Bosmans E, Meltzer HY (1993) Interleukin-1s: a putative mediator of HPA axis hyperactivity in majör depression? Am J Psychiatry 150:1189–1193

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maes M, Smith R, Christophe A (1997) Lower serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in major depression and in depressed men with serious suicidal attempts: relationship with immune-inflammatory markers. Acta Psychiatr Scand 95:212–221

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maier SF, Watkins LR (1998) Cytokines for psychologists: Implications of bidirectional immune-to-brain communication for understanding behavior, mood, and cognition. Psychol Rev 105(1):83–107

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McLaren JE, Ramji DP (2009) Interferon gamma: a master regulator of atherosclerosis. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 20:125–135

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Michalec L, Choudhury BK, Postlethwait E (2002) CCL7 and CXCL10 orchestrate oxidative stress-induced neutrophilic lung inflammation. J Immunol 168:846–852

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mullington JM, Hinze-Selch D, Pollmavher T (2001) Mediators of inflammation. Ann N Y Acad Sci 933:201–210

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Musselman DL, Betan E, Larsen H (2003) Relationship of depression to diabetes types 1 and 2: epidemiology, biology, and treatment. Biol Psychiatry 54(3):317–329

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nadler JL, Malayan S, Luong H (1992) Intracellular free magnesium deficiency plays a key role in increased platelet reactivity in type II diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 15:835–841

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Olusi SO, Fido AA (1996) Serum lipid concentrations in patients with major depressive disorder. Biol Psychiatry 40:1128–1131

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oxenkrug GF, Branconnier RJ, Harto-Truax N et al (1983) Is serum cholesterol a biological marker for major depressive disorder? Am J Psychiatry 140:920–921

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Partonen T, Haukka J, Virtamo J et al (1999) Association of low serum total cholesterol with major depression and suicide. Br J Psychiatry 175:259–262

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Phillips LJ, McGorry PD, Garner B et al (2006) Stress, the hippocampus and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis: implications for the development of psychotic disorders. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 40(9):725–741

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Podlipný J, Hess Z, Vrzalová J et al (2010) Lower serum levels of interleukin-6 in a population sample with symptoms of depression than in a population sample without symptoms of depression. Physiol Res 59(1):121–126

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rafter D (2001) Biochemical markers of anxiety and depression. Psychiatry Res 103:93–96

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ruljancic N, Mihanovic M, Cepelak I (2011) Thrombocyte serotonin and serum cholesterol concentration in suicidal and non-suicidal depressed patients. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 3(5):1261–1267

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schiffer RB (1990) Depressive syndromes associated with diseases of the central nervous system. Semin Neurol 10:239–246

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schweiger U, Greggersen W, Rudolf S et al (2008) Disturbed glucose disposal in patients with major depression; application of the glucose clamp technique. Psychosom Med 70(2):170–176

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stokes KY, Gurwara S, Granger DN (2007) T-cell derived interferon-gamma contributes to arteriolar dysfunction during acute hypercholesterolemia. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 27:1998–2004

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tuglu C, Kara S (2003) Depression, cytokines and immune system. Bull Clin Psychopharmacol 13:142–150

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Turnbull AV, Rivier CL (1999) Regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis by cytokines: actions and mechanisms of action. Physiol Rev 79(1):34–38

    Google Scholar 

  • van Steenbergen-Weijenburg KM, van Puffelen AL et al (2011) More co-morbid depression in patients with Type 2 diabetes with multiple complications. An observational study at a specialized outpatient clinic. Diabet Med 28:86–89

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vila-del Sol V, Punzón C, Fresno M (2008) IFN-gamma-induced TNF-alpha expression is regulated by interferon regulatory factors 1 and 8 in mouse macrophages. J Immunol 181:4461–4470

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weizman R, Laor N, Podliszewski E (1994) Cytokine production in major depressed patients before and after clomipramine treatment. Biol Psychiatry 35:42–47

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Winokur A, Maislin G, Phillips JL (1988) Insulin resistance after oral glucose tolerance testing in patients with major depression. Am J Psychiatry 145:325–330

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Winters TM, Hendrix AN, Zidron A (2005) Blood glucose correlations with depression, body habitus and caregiving status in the elderly Kenyan Luo grandparents. J Am Osteopath Assoc 105(1):2–28

    Google Scholar 

  • Yary T, Soleimannejad K, Abd Rahim F (2010) Contribution of diet and major depression to incidence of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Lipids Health Dis 18:9–13

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

Karadeniz Technical University Research Fund has provided funding for this study (Project # 2007.114.003.10)

Conflict of Interest

All authors have no conflict of interest regarding this paper.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Rize University, 53100, Rize, Turkey

    Cicek Hocaoglu

  2. Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080, Trabzon, Turkey

    Birgul Kural, Orhan Deger & Sevil Cengiz

  3. Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080, Trabzon, Turkey

    Rezzan Aliyazıcıoglu

  4. Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, Rize University, 53000, Rize, Turkey

    Cicek Hocaoglu

Authors
  1. Cicek Hocaoglu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Birgul Kural
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Rezzan Aliyazıcıoglu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Orhan Deger
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Sevil Cengiz
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Cicek Hocaoglu.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Hocaoglu, C., Kural, B., Aliyazıcıoglu, R. et al. IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IFN-γ, TNF-α and its relationship with lipid parameters in patients with major depression. Metab Brain Dis 27, 425–430 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11011-012-9323-9

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11011-012-9323-9

Keywords

Search

Navigation