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Extra-nuclear histones: origin, significance and perspectives

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Abstract

Histones are classically known to organize the eukaryotic DNA into chromatin. They are one of the key players in regulating transcriptionally permissive and non-permissive states of the chromatin. Nevertheless, their context-dependent appearance within the cytoplasm and systemic circulation has also been observed. The past decade has also witnessed few scientific communications on the existence of vesicle-associated histones. Diverse groups have attempted to determine the significance of these extra-nuclear histones so far, with many of those studies still underway. Of note amongst these are interactions of extra-nuclear or free histones with cellular membranes, mediated by mutual cationic and anionic natures, respectively. It is here aimed to consolidate the mechanism of formation of extra-nuclear histones; implications of histone-induced membrane destabilization and explore the mechanisms of their association/release with extracellular vesicles, along with the functional aspects of these extra-nuclear histones in cell and systemic physiology.

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Funding

The authors duly acknowledge Department of Science and Technology (DST) (EMR/2016/002571), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) (adhoc grants), and University of Delhi, Delhi, India for funding in terms of research grants. AS acknowledges CSIR for fellowship.

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  1. Abhilasha Singh and Sudhir Verma contributed equally to the manuscript.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India

    Abhilasha Singh, Sharmila Basu Modak, Madan M. Chaturvedi & Jogeswar S. Purohit

  2. Department of Zoology, Deen Dayal Upadhyaya College, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110078, India

    Sudhir Verma

  3. Molecular and Systems Biology Lab, Cluster Innovation Centre, University of Delhi, North Campus, DREAM Building, Delhi, 110007, India

    Jogeswar S. Purohit

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  1. Abhilasha Singh
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  2. Sudhir Verma
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AS & SV: Designing and writing of the manuscript; SBM: critical evaluation and correction of the manuscript; MMC: revising the manuscript; JSP: conceptualization, designing, flow and revision of text and figures of the manuscript.

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Singh, A., Verma, S., Modak, S.B. et al. Extra-nuclear histones: origin, significance and perspectives. Mol Cell Biochem 477, 507–524 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11010-021-04300-4

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