Abstract
Objectives
The purpose of this article was to describe the findings from a systematic review, quality review, and meta-analysis of risk factors for postpartum depression among adult Latinas in the United States.
Methods
Databases were searched from inception to May 2020 for studies published in English related to Latina/Hispanic mothers and risk factors of postpartum depression. Of 115 abstracts screened, 10 met the inclusion criteria for the review and meta-analysis. Eleven risk factors from these studies were included: acculturation, age, economic stress, education, marital status, number of children, prenatal depression, recent and remote intimate partner violence (IPV), general social support, and partner/father’s social support.
Results
Partner/father’s social support had a large effect size. Prenatal depression and recent IPV had medium effect sizes, while education, economic stress, general social support and remote IPV had small effect sizes. Negligible effect sizes were found for age, marital status, number of children, and acculturation.
Conclusions
Prenatal depression, IPV, social support (general and from partner/father), economic stress and education are risk factors that should be screened for when working with perinatal Latinas. Future directions for clinical practice and research are discussed.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
*Indicated articles that were included in review
Beck, C. T. (1996). Postpartum depressed mothers’ experiences interacting with their children. Nursing Research, 45, 98–104. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006199-199603000-00008.
Beck, C. T. (2001). Predictors of postpartum depression: An update. Nursing Research, 50(5), 275–285. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006199-200109000-00004.
Beck, C. T. (2006). Acculturation: Implications for perinatal research. MCN: American Journal of Maternal/Child Nursing, 31(2), 114–120. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005721-200603000-00011.
Beck, C. T., & Gable, R. K. (2000). Postpartum Depression Screening Scale: Development and psychometric testing. Nursing Research, 49, 272–282. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006199-200009000-00006.
Beck, C. T., Froman, R. D., & Bernal, H. (2005). Acculturation level and postpartum depression in Hispanic mothers. MCN: American Journal of Maternal and Child Nursing, 30(5), 299–304. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005721-200509000-00006.
Blackmore, E. R., & Chaudron, L. (2014). Psychosocial and cultural considerations in detecting and treating depression in Latina perinatal women in the United States. In Perinatal Depression among Spanish-Speaking and Latin American Women (pp. 83–96). New York, NY: Springer.
Calzada, E. J., Huang, K.-Y., Linares-Torres, H., Singh, S. D., & Brotman, L. (2014). Maternal familismo and early childhood functioning in Mexican and Dominican immigrant families. Journal of Latina/o Psychology, 2(3), 156–171. https://doi.org/10.1037/lat0000021.
Card, N. A. (2012). Applied meta-analysis for social science research. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Cochran, W. G. (1954). The combination of estimates from different experiments. Biometrics, 10, 101–129. https://doi.org/10.2307/3001666.
Cohen, J. (1992). A power primer. Psychological Bulletin, 112(1), 155–159. https://doi.org/10.1037//0033-2909.112.1.155.
Colby, S. L., & Ortman, J. M. (2015). Projections of the size and composition of the U.S. population: 2014 to 2060. Population estimates and projections. Current Population Reports. P25–1143. US Census Bureau. https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2015/demo/p25-1143.pdf.
Cox, J. L., Holden, J. M., & Sagovsky, R. (1987). Detection of postnatal depression: Development of the 10-item Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 150, 782–786. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.150.6.782.
*Davila, M., McFall, S. L., & Cheng, D. (2009). Acculturation and depressive symptoms among pregnant and postpartum Latinas. Maternal & Child Health Journal, 13(3), 318–325. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-008-0385-6.
Edwards, L. M., Bello, B., Ramirez, A., Loyo, K. T., & Lattimore D. (2015). Practitioners’ perspectives about community assets and needs regarding perinatal mental health among Latinas. Poster presented at the Perinatal Mental Health Conference, Chicago IL.
Falah-Hassani, K., Shiri, R., Vigod, S., & Dennis, C. L. (2015). Prevalence of postpartum depression among immigrant women: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of psychiatric research, 70, 67–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.08.010.
Fortner, R., Pekow, P., Dole, N., Markenson, G., & Chasan-Taber, L. (2011). Risk factors for prenatal depressive symptoms among Hispanic women. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 15(8), 1287–1295. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-010-0673-9.
*Hassert, S., & Kurpius, S. E. R. (2011). Latinas and postpartum depression: Role of partner relationship, additional children, and breastfeeding. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 39(2), 90–100.
Howard, L. M., Oram, S., Galley, H., Trevillion, K., & Feder, G. (2013). Domestic violence and perinatal mental disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Medicine, 10(5), e1001452. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001452.
*Jackson, C. L., Ciciolla, L., Crnic, K. A., Luecken, L. J., Gonzales, N. A., & Coonrod, D. V. (2015). Intimate partner violence before and during pregnancy: Related demographic and psychosocial factors and postpartum depressive symptoms among Mexican American women. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 30(4), 659–679. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260514535262.
Kendall-Tackett, K. A. (2007). Violence against women and the perinatal period: The impact of lifetime violence and abuse on pregnancy, postpartum, and breastfeeding. Trauma, Violence & Abuse, 8(3), 344–353. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838007304406.
*Kim, Y., & Dee, V. (2018). Sociodemographic and obstetric factors related to symptoms of postpartum depression in Hispanic women in rural California. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, & Neonatal Nursing: Clinical Scholarship for the Care of Women, Childbearing Families, & Newborns, 47(1), 23–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jogn.2017.11.012.
Kmet, L. M., Lee, R. C., & Cook, L. S. (2004). Standard quality assessment criteria for evaluating primary research papers from a variety of fields. Alberta Heritage Foundation Med Res (AHFMR). HTA Initiative #13. Retrieved from https://www.biomedcentral.com/content/supplementary/1471-2393-14-52-s2.pdf.
Krogstad, J. M. (2016). 5 facts about Latinos and education. Retrieved from https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/07/28/5-facts-about-latinos-and-education/.
*Kuo, W.-H., Wilson, T. E., Holman, S., Fuentes-Afflick, E., O’Sullivan, M. J., & Minkoff, H. (2004). Depressive symptoms in the immediate postpartum period among Hispanic women in three US cities. Journal of Immigrant Health, 6(4), 145–153. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JOIH.0000045252.10412.fa.
Lara, M., Gamboa, C., Kahramanian, M. I., Morales, L. S., & Bautista, D. E. H. (2005). Acculturation and Latino health in the United States: A review of the literature and its sociopolitical context. Annual Review of Public Health, 26(1), 367–397. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.publhealth.26.021304.144615.
Lara-Cinisomo, S., & Wisner, K. L. (Eds.). (2014). Perinatal depression among Spanish-speaking and Latin American women: A global perspective on detection and treatment. New York, NY: Springer Science + Business Media. Springer-Verlag. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-8045-7.
Lara-Cinisomo, S., Girdler, S. S., Grewen, K., & Meltzer-Brody, S. (2016). A biopsychosocial conceptual framework of postpartum depression risk in immigrant and U.S.-born Latina mothers in the United States. Women’s Health Issues, 26(3), 336–343. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.whi.2016.02.006.
Lara-Cinisomo, S., Wood, J., & Fujimoto, E. M. (2019). A systematic review of cultural orientation and perinatal depression in Latina women: Are acculturation, Marianismo, and religiosity risks or protective factors? Archives of Women’s Mental Health, 22(5), 557–567. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00737-018-0920-4.
Le, H. N., Perry, D. F., Mendelson, T., Tandon, S. D., & Muñoz, R. F. (2015). Preventing perinatal depression in high risk women: Moving the Mothers and Babies Course from clinical trials to community implementation. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 19, 2102–2110.
*Malek, L. L., Connolly, T. P., & Knaus, J. V. (2001). Cultural aspects of postpartum depressive symptoms: An urban Hispanic population. Clinical Journal of Women’s Health, 1(5), 273–278. https://doi.org/10.1053/cjwh.2001.30492.
Mantwill, S., Monestel-Umaña, S., & Schulz, P. J. (2015). The relationship between health literacy and health disparities: A systematic review. PLoS One, 10(12), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0145455.
Martin, J. A., Hamilton B. E., Osterman M. J. K., Curtin S. C, & Mathews T. J. (2015) Births: Final data for 2013 [pdf]. National Vital Statistics Reports, Vol. 64(1), 1–65. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr64/nvsr64_12.pdf.
Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., & Altman, D. G. (2009). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement. British Medical Journal, 339(7716), 332.
Muñoz, R. F., Le, H.-N., Ippen, C. G., Diaz, M. A., Urizar, G. G., Jr., Soto, J., et al. (2007). Prevention of postpartum depression in low-income women: Development of the Mamás y Bebés/Mothers and Babies course. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 14(1), 70–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpra.2006.04.021.
O’Hara, M. W. (2009). Postpartum depression: What we know. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 65(12), 1258–1269. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20644.
O’Hara, M. W., & Swain, A. M. (1996). Rates and risk of postpartum depression—A meta-analysis. International Review of Psychiatry, 8(1), 37. https://doi.org/10.3109/09540269609037816.
*Pao, C., Guintivano, J., Santos, H., & Meltzer-Brody, S. (2019). Postpartum depression and social support in a racially and ethnically diverse population of women. Archives of Women’s Mental Health, 22(1), 105–114. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00737-018-0882-6.
R Core Team. (2018). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing.
Raudenbush, S. W. (2009). Analyzing effect sizes: Random-effects models. In H. Cooper, L. V. Hedges, & J. C. Valentine (Eds.), The handbook of research synthesis and meta-analysis (2nd ed., pp. 295–315). New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.
*Records, K., Keller, C., Coonrod, D., Ainsworth, B., Todd, M., Belyea, M., et al. (2015). Correlates of depressive symptoms after birth for Latinas who are overweight or obese. Health Care for Women International, 36(3), 356–374. https://doi.org/10.1080/07399332.2014.973956.
Robertson, E., Grace, S., Wallington, T., & Stewart, D. E. (2004). Antenatal risk factors for postpartum depression: A synthesis of recent literature. General Hospital Psychiatry, 26(4), 289–295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2004.02.006.
Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D Scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1(3), 385–401. https://doi.org/10.1177/014662167700100306.
Rodriguez, M. A., Heilemann, M. V., Fielder, E., Ang, A., Nevarez, F., & Mangione, C. M. (2008). Intimate partner violence, depression, and PTSD among pregnant Latina women. Annals of Family Medicine, 6(1), 44–52. https://doi.org/10.1370/afm.743.
Rosenberg, M. S. (2010). A generalized formula for converting chi-square tests to effect sizes for meta-analysis. PLoS One, 5(4), 1–3. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0010059.
*Sanchez, B. E. L., Urbina, E., & D’Anna-Hernandez, K. L. (2020). Sociocultural stressors across the perinatal period and risk for postpartum depressive symptoms in women of Mexican descent. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 26(1), 124–133. https://doi.org/10.1037/cdp0000278.
Sheng, X., Huynh-Nhu Le, & Perry, D. (2010). Perceived Satisfaction With Social Support and Depressive Symptoms in Perinatal Latinas. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 21(1), 35–44. https://doi.org/10.1177/1043659609348619.
Umaña-Taylor, A. J., & Fine, M. A. (2001). Methodological implications of grouping Latino adolescents into one collective ethnic group. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 23, 347–362. https://doi.org/10.1177/0739986301234001.
US Preventive Services Task Force. (2019). Interventions to prevent perinatal depression: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. JAMA, 321(6), 580–587. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2019.0007.
Valentine, J. C., Pigott, T. D., & Rothstein, H. R. (2010). How many studies do you need?: A primer on statistical power for meta-analysis. Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics, 35(2), 215–247. https://doi.org/10.3102/1076998609346961.
*Valentine, J. M., Rodriguez, M. A., Lapeyrouse, L. M., & Zhang, M. (2011). Recent intimate partner violence as a prenatal predictor of maternal depression in the first year postpartum among Latinas. Archives of Women’s Mental Health, 14(2), 135–143. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00737-010-0191-1.
Viechtbauer, W. (2010). Conducting meta-analyses in R with the metafor package. Journal of Statistical Software, 36(3), 1–48. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v036.i03.
Zayas, L. H., & Sampson, M. (2014). Perinatal depression treatments for US Latinas: A review of research findings. In S. Lara-Cinisomo & K. L. Wisner (Eds.), Perinatal depression among Spanish-speaking and Latin American women: A global perspective on detection and treatment (pp. 65–82). New York: Springer.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
All authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Ethical Approval
This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Edwards, L.M., Le, HN. & Garnier-Villarreal, M. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Risk Factors for Postpartum Depression Among Latinas. Matern Child Health J 25, 554–564 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-020-03104-0
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-020-03104-0