Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Landscape seasonality influences the resource selection of a snow-adapted forest carnivore, the Pacific marten

  • Research Article
  • Published:
Landscape Ecology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Context

Characterizing animal space-use and resource selection is central to effective conservation. In seasonally variable systems, animals may alter space-use to minimize risk, mediate physiological costs, and maintain access to resources. However, it is often unclear which environmental features influence space-use across seasons, and whether resource selection of non-migratory animals varies in seasonally snow-covered environments.

Objectives

We quantified space-use and scale-dependent resource selection of Pacific martens (Martes caurina) in northern California to evaluate the relative influence of abiotic (e.g., topography, weather) and biotic (e.g., forest structure) covariates on spatial ecology of martens in ecologically distinct seasons (i.e., snow-covered, snow-free).

Methods

We obtained fine-scale location data from GPS-collared martens (n = 26) in the Cascade and Sierra Nevada mountain ranges in California, USA. We incorporated spatially explicit weather, topographic, and forest structure data in a scale-optimized, seasonal resource selection function framework to determine the relative importance of abiotic and biotic conditions during snow-covered and snow-free periods.

Results

During snow-free periods, martens selected for features associated with complex forest structure, including increasing stem basal area. Conversely, space-use was associated with dense forest structure and topographic features in snow-covered periods. Though the relative influence of abiotic and biotic covariates on resource selection varied by season, the scale at which these variables best explained space-use did not.

Conclusions

Our results highlight seasonality and scale-dependence of resource selection by martens and emphasize the importance of understanding spatio-temporal responses of free-ranging animals to landscape heterogeneity. We suggest behavioral or ecological requirements that differ by season and scale may influence space-use and resource selection patterns, and, consequently, can inform conservation actions.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Aikens EO, Mysterud A, Merkle JA, Cagnacci F, Rivrud IM, Hebblewhite M, Hurley MA, Peters W, Bergen S, De Groeve J, Dwinnell SP, Gehr B, Heurich M, Hewison AJM, Jarnemo A, Kjellander P, Kroschel M, Licoppe A, Linnell JDC, Merrill EH, Middleton AD, Morellet N, Neufeld NL, Ortega AC, Parker KL, Pedrotti L, Proffitt KM, Saıd S, Sawyer H, Scurlock BM, Signer J, Stent P, Sustr P, Szkorupa T, Monteith KL, Kauffman MJ (2020) Wave-like patterns of plant phenology determine ungulate movement tactics. Curr Biol 30(17):3444–3449

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Alston JM, Joyce MJ, Merkle JA, Moen RA (2020) Temperature shapes movement and habitat selection by a heat-sensitive ungulate. Landsc Ecol 35:1961–1973

    Google Scholar 

  • Andruskiw M, Fryxell JM, Thompson ID, Baker JA (2008) Habitat-mediated variation in predation risk by the American marten. Ecology 89:2273–2280

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Arnold TW (2010) Uninformative parameters and model selection using Akaike’s information criterion. J Wildl Manag 74:1175–1178

    Google Scholar 

  • Avgar T, Betini GS, Fryxell JM (2020) Habitat selection patterns are density-dependent under the ideal free distribution. J Anim Ecol 89(12):2777–2787

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bates D, Machler M, Bolker B, Walker S (2015) Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4. J Stat Soft 67:1–48

    Google Scholar 

  • Bissonette JA (2017) Avoiding the scale sampling problem: a consilient solution: avoiding sampling scale problems. J Wildl Manag 81:192–205

    Google Scholar 

  • Boyce MS (2006) Scale for resource selection functions. Divers Distrib 12:269–276

    Google Scholar 

  • Brennan A, Cross PC, Higgs M, Beckmann JP, Klaver RW, Scurlock BM, Creel S (2013) Inferential consequences of modeling rather than measuring snow accumulation in studies of animal ecology. Ecol Appl 23(3):643–653

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Burnham KP, Anderson DR (2002) Model selection and multimodel inference: a practical information-theoretic approach. Springer Publishing

  • Chapin TG, Harrison DJ, Phillips DM (1997) Seasonal habitat selection by marten in an untrapped forest preserve. J Wildl Manag 61:707

    Google Scholar 

  • Clow DW, Nanus L, Verdin KL, Schmidt J (2012) Evaluation of SNODAS snow depth and snow water equivalent estimates for the Colorado rocky mountains, USA. Hydrol Process 26:2583–2591

    Google Scholar 

  • Cushman SA, Raphael MG, Ruggiero LF, Shirk AS, Wasserman TN, O’Doherty EC (2011) Limiting factors and landscape connectivity: the American marten in the Rocky Mountains. Landsc Ecol 26(8):1137–1149

    Google Scholar 

  • DeCesare NJ, Hebblewhite M, Bradley M, Hervieux D, Neufeld L, Musiani M (2014) Linking habitat selection and predation risk to spatial variation in survival. J Anim Ecol 83(2):343–352

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Delheimer MS, Moriarty KM, Slauson KM, Roddy AM, Early DA, Hamm KA (In press) Comparative reproductive ecology of two subspecies of Pacific marten (Martes caurina) in California. Northwest Science

  • Drew GS (1995) Winter habitat selection by American Marten (Martes americana) in Newfoundland: why old growth? PhD Dissertation, Utah State University, Logan Utah

  • Evans JS (2018) SpatialEco. Version 0.1.1–1 https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=spatialEco. Accessed 3 May 2018

  • Frair JL, Nielsen SE, Merrill EH, Lele SR, Boyce MS, Munro RH, Stenhouse GB, Beyer HL (2004) Removing GPS collar bias in habitat selection studies. J Appl Ecol 41(2):201–212

    Google Scholar 

  • Fuller AK, Harrison DJ (2005) Influence of partial timber harvesting on American martens in north-central Maine. J Wildl Manag 69:710–722

    Google Scholar 

  • Gehr B, Hofer EJ, Muff S, Ryser A, Vimercati E, Vogt K, Keller LF (2017) A landscape of coexistence for a large predator in a human dominated landscape. Oikos 126(10):1389–1399

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilbert JH, Zollner PA, Green AK, Wright JL, Karasov WH (2009) Seasonal field metabolic rates of American martens in Wisconsin. Am Midl Nat 162(2):327–334

    Google Scholar 

  • Gillies CS, Hebblewhite M, Nielsen SE, Krawchuk MA, Aldridge CL, Frair JL, Saher DJ, Stevens CE, Jerde CL (2006) Application of random effects to the study of resource selection by animals. J Anim Ecol 75:887–898

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hargis CD, Bissonette JA, Turner DL (1999) The influence of forest fragmentation and landscape pattern on American martens. J Appl Ecol 36:157–172

    Google Scholar 

  • Hearn BJ (2007) Factors affecting habitat selection and population characteristics of American marten (Martes americana atrata) in Newfoundland. PhD Dissertation, University of Maine, Orono

  • Heim N, Fisher JT, Clevenger A, Paczkowski J, Volpe J (2017) Cumulative effects of climate and landscape change drive spatial distribution of Rocky Mountain wolverine (Gulo gulo L.). Ecol Evol 7(21):8903–8914

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Heinemeyer K, Squires J, Hebblewhite M, O'Keefe JJ, Holbrook JD, Copeland J (2019) Wolverines in winter: indirect habitat loss and functional responses to backcountry recreation. Ecosphere 10:e02611

    Google Scholar 

  • Hijmans RJ (2019) Raster: geographic data analysis and modeling. Version 2.8–19 https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=raster. Accessed 10 May 2018

  • Horne JS, Garton EO, Krone SM, Lewis JS (2007) Analyzing animal movements using Brownian bridges. Ecology 88:2354–2363

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hurlbert AH, Jetz W (2007) Species richness, hotspots, and the scale dependence of range maps in ecology and conservation. Proc Natl Acad Sci 104:13384–13389

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jackson HB, Fahrig L (2015) Are ecologists conducting research at the optimal scale? Glob Ecol Biogeogr 24:52–63

    Google Scholar 

  • Jensen PG, Humphries MM (2019) Abiotic conditions mediate intraguild interactions between mammalian carnivores. J Anim Ecol 88:1305–1318

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson DH (1980) The comparison of usage and availability measurements for evaluating resource preference. Ecology 61:65–71

    Google Scholar 

  • Karasov WH (1992) Daily energy expenditure and the cost of activity in mammals. Am Zool 32:238–248

    Google Scholar 

  • Kirchner PB, Bales RC, Molotch NP, Flanagan J, Guo Q (2014) LiDAR measurement of seasonal snow accumulation along an elevation gradient in the southern Sierra Nevada, California. Hydrol Earth Syst Sci 18:4261–4275

    Google Scholar 

  • Kirk TA, Zielinski WJ (2009) Developing and testing a landscape habitat suitability model for the American marten (Martes americana) in the Cascades mountains of California. Landsc Ecol 24:759–773

    Google Scholar 

  • Krebs JR (2009) Behavioural ecology: an evolutionary approach. John Wiley and Sons, New Jersey

    Google Scholar 

  • Krohn WB, Zielinski WJ, Boone RB (1997) Relations among fishers, snow, and martens in California: results from small-scale spatial comparisons. Martes: taxomony, ecology, techniques, and management 211–232

  • Laliberte AS, Ripple WJ (2004) Range contractions of North American carnivores and ungulates. Bioscience 54:123–138

    Google Scholar 

  • Lawler JJ, Ruesch AS, Olden JD, McRae BH (2013) Projected climate-driven faunal movement routes. Ecol Lett 16:1014–1022

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis JS, Rachlow JL, Garton EO, Vierling LA (2007) Effects of habitat on GPS collar performance: using data screening to reduce location error. J Appl Ecol 44:663–671

    Google Scholar 

  • Manlick PJ, Windels SK, Woodford JE, Pauli JN (2020) Can landscape heterogeneity promote carnivore coexistence in human-dominated landscapes? Landsc Ecol 35:2013–2027

    Google Scholar 

  • Manlick PJ, Woodford JE, Zuckerberg B, Pauli JN (2017) Niche compression intensifies competition between reintroduced American martens (Martes americana) and fishers (Pekania pennanti). J Mammal 98:690–702

    Google Scholar 

  • Manly BFL, McDonald L, Thomas DL, McDonald TL, Erickson WP (2007) Resource selection by animals: statistical design and analysis for field studies. Springer Science & Business Media

  • Martin ME, Moriarty KM, Pauli JN (2020) Forest structure and snow depth alter the movement patterns and subsequent expenditures of a forest carnivore, the Pacific marten. Oikos 129:356–366

    Google Scholar 

  • Mayor SJ, Schneider DC, Schaefer JA, Mahoney SP (2009) Habitat selection at multiple scales. Ecoscience 16:238–247

    Google Scholar 

  • McGarigal K, Wan HY, Zeller KA, Timm BC, Cushman SA (2016) Multi-scale habitat selection modeling: a review and outlook. Landsc Ecol 31(6):1161–1175

    Google Scholar 

  • McLoughlin PD, Morris DW, Fortin D, Vander Wal E, Contasti AL (2010) Considering ecological dynamics in resource selection functions. J Anim Ecol 79(1):4–12

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer CB, Thuiller W (2006) Accuracy of resource selection functions across spatial scales. Divers Distrib. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1366-9516.2006.00241.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mills LS, Zimova M, Oyler J, Running S, Abatzoglou JT, Lukacs PM (2013) Camouflage mismatch in seasonal coat color due to decreased snow duration. Proc Natl Acad Sci 110:7360–7365

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morano S, Stewart KM, Dilts T, Ellsworth A, Bleich VC (2019) Resource selection of mule deer in a shrub‐steppe ecosystem: influence of woodland distribution and animal behavior. Ecosphere 10(11):e02811

  • Morato RG, Connette GM, Stabach JA, De Paula RC, Ferraz KMPM, Kanteke DLZ, Miyazaki SS, Pereira TDC, Silva LC, Paviolo A, De Angelo C, Di Bitetti MS, Cruz P, Lima F, Cullen L, Sana DA, Ramalho EE, Carvalho MM, da Silva MX, Moraes MDF, Vogliotti A, May JA Jr, Haberfeld M, Rampim L, Sartorello L, Araujo GR, Wittemyer G, Ribeiro MC, Leimgruber P (2018) Resource selection in an apex predator and variation in response to local landscape characteristics. Biol Cons 228:233–240

    Google Scholar 

  • Moriarty KM, Epps CW (2015) Retained satellite information influences performance of GPS devices in a forested ecosystem: satellite information affects GPS performance. Wildl Soc Bull 39:349–357

    Google Scholar 

  • Moriarty KM, Epps CW, Betts MG, Hance DJ, Bailey JD, Zielinski WJ (2015) Experimental evidence that simplified forest structure interacts with snow cover to influence functional connectivity for Pacific martens. Lands Ecol 30:1865–1877

    Google Scholar 

  • Moriarty KM, Epps CW, Zielinski WJ (2016) Forest thinning changes movement patterns and habitat use by Pacific marten. J Wildl Manag 80:621–633

    Google Scholar 

  • Moriarty KM, Linnell MA, Chasco BE, Epps CW, Zielinski WJ (2017) Using high-resolution short-term location data to describe territoriality in Pacific martens. J Mammal 98(3):679–689

    Google Scholar 

  • Mortenson JA, Moriarty KM (2015) Ketamine and midazolam anesthesia in Pacific Martens (Martes caurina). J Wildl Dis 51:250–254

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mote PW, Hamlet AF, Clark MP, Lettenmaier DP (2005) Declining mountain snowpack in western north America. Bull Am Meteor Soc 86:39–49

    Google Scholar 

  • Muff S, Signer J, Fieberg J (2020) Accounting for individual-specific variation in habitat-selection studies: efficient estimation of mixed-effects models using Bayesian or frequentist computation. J Anim Ecol 89(1):80–92

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • National Operational Hydrologic Remote Sensing Center (2004) Snow Data Assimilation System (SNODAS) Data Products at NSIDC, Version 1. NSIDC: National Snow and Ice Data Center, Boulder, Colorado USA. https://doi.org/10.7265/N5TB14TC

  • Nielson RM (2013) BBMM: Brownian bridge movement model. Version 3.0 http://CRAN.R-project/package=BBMM. Accessed 9 Jun 2018

  • Northrup JM, Hooten MB, Anderson CR Jr, Wittemyer G (2013) Practical guidance on characterizing availability in resource selection functions under a use–availability design. Ecology 94(7):1456–1463

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Oksanen T, Oksanen L, Schneider M, Aunapuu M (2001) Regulation, cycles and stability in northern carnivore-herbivore systems: back to first principles. Oikos 94:101–117

    Google Scholar 

  • Parmesan C (2006) Ecological and evolutionary responses to recent climate change. Annu Rev Ecol evol. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.37.091305.110100

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pauli JN, Zuckerberg B, Whiteman JP, Porter W (2013) The subnivium: a deteriorating seasonal refugium. Front Ecol Environ 11:260–267

    Google Scholar 

  • Peers MJL, Thornton DH, Murray DL (2013) Evidence for large-scale effects of competition: niche displacement in Canada lynx and bobcat. Proc Royal Soc B 280:20132495

    Google Scholar 

  • Perrig PL, Lambertucci SA, Cruz J, Alarcón PA, Plaza PI, Middleton AD, Blanco G, Sánchez-Zapata JA, Donázar JA, Pauli JN (2020) Identifying conservation priority areas for the Andean condor in southern South America. Biol Conserv 243:108494

    Google Scholar 

  • Petty SK, Zuckerberg B, Pauli JN (2015) Winter conditions and land cover structure the subnivium, a seasonal refuge beneath the snow. PLoS ONE 10:e0127613

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Proulx G, Aubry K, Birks J, Buskirk S, Fortin C, Frost H, Krohn W, Mayo L, Monakhov V, Payer D, Saeki M (2005) World distribution and status of the genus Martes in 2000. In: Martens and fishers (Martes) in human-altered environments. Springer, Boston, MA, pp 21–76

    Google Scholar 

  • R Core Team (2019) R: a language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria

    Google Scholar 

  • Robitaille JF, Aubry K (2000) Occurrence and activity of American martens Martens americana in relation to roads and other routes. Acta Theriologica 45(1):137–143

    Google Scholar 

  • Roloff GJ, Silet BR, Gray SM, Humphreys JM, Clark EM (2020) Resource use by marten at fine spatial extents. Mamm Res. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13364-020-00525-8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ruiz-Gonzalez A, Cushman SA, Madeira MJ, Randi E, Gomez-Moliner BJ (2015) Isolation by distance, resistance and/or clusters? Lessons learned from a forest-dwelling carnivore inhabiting a heterogeneous landscape. Mol Ecol 24:5110–5129

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schielzeth H (2010) Simple means to improve the interpretability of regression coefficients. Methods Ecol Evol 1:103–113

    Google Scholar 

  • Shaw AK (2016) Drivers of animal migration and implications in changing environments. Evol Ecol 30:991–1007

    Google Scholar 

  • Sherburne SS, Bissonette JA (1994) Marten subnivean access point use: response to subnivean prey levels. J Wildl Manag 58:400

    Google Scholar 

  • Shipley AA, Sheriff MJ, Pauli JN, Zuckerberg B (2019) Snow roosting reduces temperature-associated stress in a wintering bird. Oecologia 190:309–321

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shirk AJ, Raphael MG, Cushman SA (2014) Spatiotemporal variation in resource selection: insights from the American marten (Martes americana). Ecol Appl 24:1434–1444

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sikes RS (2016) 2016 Guidelines of the American society of mammalogists for the use of wild mammals in research and education. J Mammal 97:663–688

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sirén APK, Pekins PJ, Ducey MJ, Kilborn JR (2016) Spatial ecology and resource selection of a high-elevation American marten (Martes americana ) population in the northeastern United States. Can J Zool 94:169–180

    Google Scholar 

  • Sirén APK, Somos-Valenzuela M, Callahan C, Kilborn JR, Duclos T, Tragert C, Morelli TL (2018) Looking beyond wildlife: using remote cameras to evaluate accuracy of gridded snow data. Remote Sens Ecol Conserv 4:375–386

    Google Scholar 

  • Sultaire SM, Pauli JN, Martin KJ, Meyer MW, Notaro M, Zuckerberg B (2016) Climate change surpasses land-use change in the contracting range boundary of a winter-adapted mammal. Proc Royal Soc B 283:20153104

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor SL, Buskirk SW (1994) Forest microenvironments and resting energetics of the American marten martes Americana. Ecography 17:249–256

    Google Scholar 

  • Tweedy P (2018) Diel rest structure selection and multiscale analysis of pacific marten resting habitat in Lassen national forest. Oregon State University, California

    Google Scholar 

  • Tweedy PJ, Moriarty KM, Bailey JD, Epps CW (2019) Using fine scale resolution vegetation data from LiDAR and ground-based sampling to predict Pacific marten resting habitat at multiple spatial scales. For Ecol Manage 452:117556

    Google Scholar 

  • Whiteman JP, Buskirk SW (2013) Footload influences wildlife use of compacted trails in the snow. Wildl Biol 19:156–164

    Google Scholar 

  • Wiebe PA, Thompson ID, McKague CI, Fryxell JM, Baker JA (2014) Fine-scale winter resource selection by American martens in boreal forests and the effect of snow depth on access to coarse woody debris. Écoscience 21:123–132

    Google Scholar 

  • Wiens JA (1989) spatial scaling in ecology. Funct Ecol 3:385–397

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson EC, Shipley AA, Zuckerberg B, Peery MZ, Pauli JN (2019) An experimental translocation identifies habitat features that buffer camouflage mismatch in snowshoe hares. Conserv Lett 12(2):e12614

    Google Scholar 

  • Wing BM, Ritchie MW, Boston K, Cohen WB, Olsen MJ (2015) Individual snag detection using neighborhood attribute filtered airborne lidar data. Remote Sens Environ 163:165–179

    Google Scholar 

  • Worthen GL, Kilgore DL (1981) Metabolic rate of pine marten in relation to air temperature. J Mammal 62:624–628

    Google Scholar 

  • Zielinski WJ, Slauson KM, Bowles AE (2008) Effects of off-highway vehicle use on the American Marten. J Wildl Manag 72:1558–1571

    Google Scholar 

  • Zielinski WJ, Tucker JM, Rennie KM (2017) Niche overlap of competing carnivores across climatic gradients and the conservation implications of climate change at geographic range margins. Biol Cons 209:533–545

    Google Scholar 

  • Zuckerberg B, Pauli JN (2018) Conserving and managing the subnivium. Conserv Biol 32:774–781

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

We thank two anonymous reviewers and the handling editor for their constructive feedback which improved the quality of this manuscript. Numerous individuals collected data analyzed in this manuscript, including M. Delheimer, A. Roddy, B. Woodruff, P. Tweedy, E. Caubo, D. Arnold, C. Hutton-Arnold, R. Peterson, I. Davis-Cancellare, G. W. Watts, R. Adamczyk, B. Barry, M. Cokeley, M. Dao, D. Hamilton, L. Kreiensieck, M. Linnell, K. Mansfield, B. Peterson, and C. Wood. We thank the USDA Forest Service Almanor Ranger District for their aid with field logistics. B. Zuckerberg provided feedback during the analytical and editorial process. Additional small grants to support this work were awarded to M. E. Martin by Sequoia Park Zoo and Sacramento-Shasta Chapter of the Wildlife Society.

Funding

This research was funded by a cooperative joint venture agreement between the USDA Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station and the University of Wisconsin-Madison (17-JV-11261992-010).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA

    Marie E. Martin & Jonathan N. Pauli

  2. Institute for Natural Resources, Oregon State University, Portland, OR, USA

    Marie E. Martin

  3. Pacific Northwest Research Station, United States Forest Service, Olympia, WA, USA

    Katie M. Moriarty

  4. National Council for Air and Stream Improvement, Inc., Corvallis, OR, USA

    Katie M. Moriarty

Authors
  1. Marie E. Martin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Katie M. Moriarty
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Jonathan N. Pauli
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Marie E. Martin.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Supplementary Information

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary file1 (DOCX 383 kb)

Supplementary file2 (DOCX 564 kb)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Martin, M.E., Moriarty, K.M. & Pauli, J.N. Landscape seasonality influences the resource selection of a snow-adapted forest carnivore, the Pacific marten. Landscape Ecol 36, 1055–1069 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-021-01215-9

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-021-01215-9

Keywords

Search

Navigation