Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Comparative evaluation of physiochemical, rheological, tribological and thermal properties of nanoparticle loaded and bio-lube-blended polyolester lubricant

  • Published:
Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In the present study, various properties, viz. physiochemical, rheological, tribological and thermal properties of polyolester (POE) lubricant, a widely used lubricant in household refrigerator compressor, is evaluated by loading it with alumina nanoparticles and also blending it with sesame oil (SESO)—an environment-friendly lubricant and the results are compared in order to visualize the effects. The mass fraction of alumina nanoparticles used is from 0.05 to 0.15% and the blend ratio of sesame oil is from 12.5 to 87.5%. The rheological properties were evaluated for the temperature ranges from 25 to 100 °C. High-frequency reciprocating rig is used to perform tribological studies. The results show that the values of viscosity, viscosity index, flash and fire point enhanced for all the synthesized lubricants with an increase in alumina nanoparticles proportion and the sesame oil ratio in the base POE oil and all of the synthesized lubricants showed Newtonian behaviour as well. The thermal stability (TGA results) of the POE + SESO blend and POE + Al2O3 nanolubricant was found increasing with the increase in the proportion of sesame oil and the alumina nanoparticles in the base POE oil. The contact angle and surface tension of the synthesized lubricants were initially found decreasing with the addition of sesame oil and alumina nanoparticles to the base POE oil and then increased, as the sesame oil and alumina nanoparticles proportion in the base oil approached the maximum limit. Among the POE + Al2O3 nanolubricants, the POE + 0.125%Al2O3 and among the POE + SESO blend 15POE + 25SESO exhibited much better results in tribological studies. The sesame oil-blended POE oil was found less toxic and more biodegradable when compared to the POE + Al2O3 nanolubricant.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Willing A. Lubricants based on renewable resources: an environmentally compatible alternative to mineral oil products. Chemosphere. 2001;43:89–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(00)00328-3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Levin ML, Miller MA. Maxwell's ‘treatise on electricity and magnetism”. 2nd ed. vol. 135, Clarendon Press; 1981. p. 425.

  3. Ave SC. Enhanced thermal conductivity through the development of nanofluids. In: Eastman JA, Choi US, Li, S, Thompson LJ, Lee S (eds.) Materials Science Division, Energy Technology Division, Argonne Nat Lab. 1996. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/459378.

  4. Lee S, Choi SU-S, Li S, Eastman JA. Measuring thermal conductivity of fluids containing oxide nanoparticles. J Heat Transf. 1999;121:280–9. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.2825978.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Chein R, Huang G. Analysis of microchannel heat sink performance using nanofluids. Appl Therm Eng. 2005;25:3104–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2005.03.008.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Hajmohammadi MR. Assessment of a lubricant based nanofluid application in a rotary system. Energy Convers Manag. 2017;146:78–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2017.04.071.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Rashmi W, Khalid M, Ong SS, Saidur R. Preparation, thermophysical properties and heat transfer enhancement of nanofluids. Mater Res Express. 2014;1:032001. https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/1/3/032001.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Mahmoudi M, Tavakoli MR, Mirsoleimani MA, Gholami A, Salimpour MR. Experimental and numerical investigation on forced convection heat transfer and pressure drop in helically coiled pipes using TiO2/water nanofluid. Int J Refrig. 2017;74:627–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2016.11.014.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Afrand M, Toghraie D, Ruhani B. Effects of temperature and nanoparticles concentration on rheological behavior of Fe3O4–Ag/EG hybrid nanofluid: an experimental study. Exp Therm Fluid Sci. 2016;77:38–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.04.007.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Kedzierski MA. The effect of lubricant concentration, miscibility, and viscosity on R134a pool boiling. Int J Refrig. 2001;24:348–66.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Kedzierski MA. Effect of concentration on R134a/Al2O3 nanolubricant mixture boiling on a reentrant cavity surface. Int J Refrig. 2015;49:36–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2014.09.012.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Beck MP, Yuan Y, Warrier P, Teja AS. The effect of particle size on the thermal conductivity of alumina nanofluids. J Nanopart Res. 2009;11:1129–36. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-008-9500-2.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Jang SP, Choi SUS. Role of Brownian motion in the enhanced thermal conductivity of nanofluids. Appl Phys Lett. 2004;84:4316–8. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1756684.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Murshed SMS, Leong KC, Yang C. Thermophysical and electrokinetic properties of nanofluids: a critical review. Appl Therm Eng. 2008;28:2109–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2008.01.005.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Eastman JA, Phillpot SR, Choi SUS, Keblinski P. Thermal transport in nanofluids. Annu Rev Mater Res. 2004;34:219–46. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.matsci.34.052803.090621.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Wang X-Q, Mujumdar AS. Heat transfer characteristics of nanofluids: a review. Int J Therm Sci. 2007;46:1–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2006.06.010.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Aberoumand S, Jafarimoghaddam A, Moravej M, Aberoumand H, Javaherdeh K. Experimental study on the rheological behavior of silver-heat transfer oil nanofluid and suggesting two empirical based correlations for thermal conductivity and viscosity of oil based nanofluids. Appl Therm Eng. 2016;101:362–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2016.01.148.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Sanukrishna SS, Prakash MJ. Experimental studies on thermal and rheological behaviour of TiO2-PAG nanolubricant for refrigeration system. Int J Refrig. 2018;86:356–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2017.11.014.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Khaleduzzaman SS, Mahbubul IM, Shahrul IM, Saidur R. Effect of particle concentration, temperature and surfactant on surface tension of nanofluids. Int Commun Heat Mass Transf. 2013;49:110–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2013.10.010.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Kotia A, Borkakoti S, Ghosh SK. Wear and performance analysis of a 4-stroke diesel engine employing nanolubricants. Particuology. 2018;37:54–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.partic.2017.05.016.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Jatti VS, Singh TP. Copper oxide nano-particles as friction-reduction and anti-wear additives in lubricating oil. J Mech Sci Technol. 2015;29:793–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12206-015-0141-y.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Ingole S, Charanpahari A, Kakade A, Umare SS, Bhatt DV, Menghani J. Tribological behavior of nano TiO2 as an additive in base oil. Wear. 2013;301:776–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2013.01.037.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Wu YY, Tsui WC, Liu TC. Experimental analysis of tribological properties of lubricating oils with nanoparticle additives. Wear. 2007;262:819–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2006.08.021.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Ali MKA, Fuming P, Younus HA, Abdelkareem MAA, Essa FA, Elagouz A, Xianjun H. Fuel economy in gasoline engines using Al2O3/TiO2 nanomaterials as nanolubricant additives. Appl Energy. 2018;211:461–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.11.013.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Elagouz A, Ali MKA, Xianjun H, Abdelkareem MAA, Hassan MA. Frictional performance evaluation of sliding surfaces lubricated by zinc-oxide nano-additives. Surf Eng. 2020;36:144–57. https://doi.org/10.1080/02670844.2019.1620442.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Yamamoto Y, Gondo S, Kim J. Friction and wear performance of polyvinylether (PVE) in boundary lubrication regime as a lubricant for an alternative refrigerant, Purdue E-Pubs., 1998, 7.

  27. Narayanasarma S, Kuzhiveli BT. Evaluation of the properties of POE/SiO2 nanolubricant for an energy-efficient refrigeration system: an experimental assessment. Powder Technol. 2019;356:1029–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2019.09.024.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Khorramian BA, Iyer GR, Kodali S, Natarajan P, Tupil R. Review of antiwear additives for crankcase oils. Wear. 1993;169:87–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/0043-1648(93)90394-2.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Tiwari AK, Pandya NS, Shah H, Said Z. Experimental comparison of specific heat capacity of three different metal oxides with MWCNT/water-based hybrid nanofluids: proposing a new correlation. Appl Nanosci. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13204-020-01578-6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Tiwari AK, Pandya NS, Said Z, Chhatbar SH, Al-Turki YA, Patel AR. 3S (sonication, surfactant, stability) impact on the viscosity of hybrid nanofluid with different base fluids: an experimental study. J Mol Liq. 2021;329:115455. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2021.115455.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Tiwari AK, Pandya NS, Said Z, Öztop HF, Abu-Hamdeh N. 4S consideration (synthesis, sonication, surfactant, stability) for the thermal conductivity of CeO2 with MWCNT and water based hybrid nanofluid: An experimental assessment. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp. 2021;610:125918. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2020.125918.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Durak E, Çetinkaya M, Yeinigün B, Karaosmanoǧlu F. Effects of sunflower oil added to base oil on the friction coefficient of statically loaded journal bearings. J Synth Lubr. 2004;21:207–22. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsl.3000210304.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Srivastava A, Sahai P. Vegetable oils as lube basestocks: a review. Afr J Biotech. 2013;12(9):880–91. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJB12.2823.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Guo S, Li C, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Li B, Yang M, Zhang X, Liu G. Experimental evaluation of the lubrication performance of mixtures of castor oil with other vegetable oils in MQL grinding of nickel-based alloy. J Clean Prod. 2017;140:1060–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.10.073.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Shahabuddin M. Comparative tribological investigation of bio-lubricant formulated from a non-edible oil source (Jatropha oil). Ind Crops Prod. 2013;47:323–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2013.03.026.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Farfan-Cabrera LI, Gallardo E, Gómez-Guarneros M, Hernandez Peña A. Tribological performance of an engine mineral oil blended with a vegetable oil under approached long-term use conditions. 2019. pp. 2019-01–0012. https://doi.org/10.4271/2019-01-0012.

  37. Katpatal DC, Andhare AB, Padole PM. Performance of nano-bio-lubricants, ISO VG46 oil and its blend with Jatropha oil in statically loaded hydrodynamic plain journal bearing. Proc Inst Mech Eng Part J J Eng Tribol. 2020;234:386–400. https://doi.org/10.1177/1350650119864242.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Jabal MH, Khalefa MZ. Tribological characteristics evaluation of mustard oil blends. Jcoeng. 2018;24:1. https://doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2018.03.01.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Jayadas NH, Prabhakaran Nair K, A G. Tribological evaluation of coconut oil as an environment-friendly lubricant. Tribol Int. 2007;40:350–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2005.09.021.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Mia S, Ohno N. GE06 prospect of mustard and coconut oil as environment friendly lubricant for Bangladesh. In: Proceedings of international conference on environmental aspects of Bangladesh. 2010, p. 2.

  41. Narayanasarma S, Kuzhiveli BT. Evaluation of lubricant properties of polyolester oil blended with sesame oil-an experimental investigation. J Clean Prod. 2021;281:125347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.125347.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Ali MKA, Xianjun H, Mai L, Qingping C, Turkson RF, Bicheng C. Improving the tribological characteristics of piston ring assembly in automotive engines using Al2O3 and TiO2 nanomaterials as nano-lubricant additives. Tribol Int. 2016;103:540–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2016.08.011.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Narayanasarma S, Kuzhiveli BT. The effect of silica nanoparticle on thermal, chemical, corrosive, and the nature-friendly properties of refrigerant compressor lubricants: comparative study. Asia-Pac J Chem Eng. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1002/apj.2551.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Nair SS, Nair KP, Rajendrakumar PK. Evaluation of physicochemical, thermal and tribological properties of sesame oil (Sesamum indicum L.): a potential agricultural crop base stock for eco-friendly industrial lubricants. IJARGE. 2017;13:77. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJARGE.2017.084037.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Syahir AZ, Zulkifli NWM, Masjuki HH, Kalam MA, Alabdulkarem A, Gulzar M, Khuong LS, Harith MH. A review on bio-based lubricants and their applications. J Clean Prod. 2017;168:997–1016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.09.106.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Sajeeb A, Rajendrakumar PK. Comparative evaluation of lubricant properties of biodegradable blend of coconut and mustard oil. J Clean Prod. 2019;240:118255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.118255.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Joseph PV, Saxena D. Thermo-oxidative stability of base oils for green lubricants. In: environmentally friendly and biobased lubricants. 2017. pp. 273–89.

  48. Chan C-H, Tang SW, Mohd NK, Lim WH, Yeong SK, Idris Z. Tribological behavior of biolubricant base stocks and additives. Renew Sustain Energy Rev. 2018;93:145–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2018.05.024.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Subramani N, Prakash M. Experimental studies on a vapour compression system using nanorefrigerants. Int J Eng Sci Tech. 2012;3:95–102. https://doi.org/10.4314/ijest.v3i9.8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

I would like to thank The School of Material Science and Engineering, The Department of Mechanical Engineering and The Department of Chemical Engineering, of National Institute of Technology Calicut, for facilitating me with the resources during the work. I too thank, The Department of Science and Technology, Govt. of India and Centre for Precision Measurements and Nano-Mechanical Testing, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Calicut, for providing me with the facility purchased under the scheme ‘Fund for Improvement of Science and Technology’ (FIST—No. SR/FST/ETI-388/2015) during the period of my project work.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Calicut, Kerala, 673601, India

    Subramani Narayanasarma, Shyam Mohan M & Biju T. Kuzhiveli

Authors
  1. Subramani Narayanasarma
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Shyam Mohan M
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Biju T. Kuzhiveli
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

Subramani Narayanasarma: Conceptualization, Methodology, Formal Analysis, Investigation, Writing—Original Draft. Biju T. K: Review and Editing, Supervision. Shyam Mohan M: Presentation at FMFP 2021 & Final editing. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Subramani Narayanasarma.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Narayanasarma, S., Mohan M, S. & Kuzhiveli, B.T. Comparative evaluation of physiochemical, rheological, tribological and thermal properties of nanoparticle loaded and bio-lube-blended polyolester lubricant. J Therm Anal Calorim 148, 2905–2919 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-022-11732-7

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-022-11732-7

Keywords

Search

Navigation