Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

University technology transfer in China: a literature review and taxonomy

  • Published:
The Journal of Technology Transfer Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The Chinese university system is one of the world’s largest academic research performers and technology transfer is one of the system’s central roles. Academic interest in Chinese university technology transfer in both the West and China has increased in parallel. This review aims to outline what is known and evaluate the state of research about university technology transfer in China. To be comprehensive, uniquely this review considers the relevant journal articles in both English and Chinese languages. The major themes and methodologies used by authors are identified. The evolution of the literature, particularly those in Chinese from general discussions often with minimal citations to more empirically rigorous studies is documented. It is also shown that the English and Chinese language literatures have little overlap in terms of citations, thereby indicating that the two research communities are still largely disconnected. It is found that the sources of data have remained quite limited and the quantitative research is based almost entirely upon government statistics collected for administrative purpose. The concluding discussion suggests possible avenues for future progress in terms of developing new data sources and increasing the cross-fertilization of two research communities.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

Source: China Science & Technology Statistics Data Book, various years

Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. Early research suggested that investment by developing countries in higher education was negatively related to economic development (Psacharopoulos 1994). However, later research found more positive returns to higher education (Psacharopoulos and Patrinos 2004).

  2. In real dollar terms, Japan still spends more on university research than China.

  3. We identified one general review of all types of technology transfer in China (Chan and Daim 2011).

  4. As a convenience, every Chinese-language reference is marked with a “ch” before the date.

  5. The commentary classification refers to the large number of Chinese journal articles that are comments upon the general nature of technology transfer or its desirability. They are not based upon research and, for the most part, are not even descriptive.

  6. In other academic literature reviews, such as, Rothaermel et al. (2007) on academic entrepreneurship and Certo et al. (2009) on IPO research, there is a greater level of concentration because they narrowly circumscribed the journals searched. We chose to examine a far broader population of articles.

  7. Twenty-four of the 33 articles cited are official sources, primarily Chinese government statistics. Sixteen articles cited some type of academic source, typically a Chinese book or article on Chinese technology or industry. Only four articles cited the popular media.

  8. In contrast, U.S. university income from patents was approximately 4 % of total R&D funding, while in China it was less than 1 %.

  9. In the U.S. the National Science Foundation’s Science of Science Policy has done exactly this.

  10. For a similar concern in a quite different context, see Piñeiro and Hicks (2014).

References

  • Altbach, P. G., & Balan, J. (Eds.). (2007). World class worldwide: Transforming research universities in Asia and Latin America. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baglieri, D., Cesaroni, F., & Orsi, L. (2014). Does the nano-patent ‘Gold Rush’ lead to entrepreneurial-driven growth? Some policy lessons from China and Japan. Technovation, 34(12), 746–761.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bai, L., & Wang, X. (ch 2006). An analysis on the transformation of scientific and technological achievements in Shanxi province universities based on fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method. Journal of Information, 25(7), 46–48. (translation from Chinese language).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bi, H. (ch 2006). The role of the government in university technology transfer. Science and Technology Management Research, 1, 17–20, 23. (translation from Chinese language).

    Google Scholar 

  • Brehm, S., & Lundin, N. (2012). University–industry linkages and absorptive capacity: An empirical analysis of China’s manufacturing industry. Economics of Innovation and New Technology, 21(8), 837–852.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brundenius, C., Lundvall, B. Å., & Sutz, J. (2011). The role of universities in innovation systems in developing countries: Developmental university systems–empirical, analytical and normative perspectives. In B. Å. Lundvall, K. J. Joseph, C. Chaminade, & J. Vang (Eds.), Handbook of innovation systems and developing countries: Building domestic capabilities in a global setting. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar.

  • Cao, C. (2004). Zhongguancun and China’s high-tech parks in transition: “Growing pains” or “premature senility”? Asian Survey, 44(5), 647–668.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cao, Y., Zhao, L., & Chen, R. (2009). Institutional structure and incentives of technology transfer: Some new evidence from Chinese universities. Journal of Technology Management in China, 4(1), 67–84.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Certo, S. T., Holcomb, T. R., & Holmes, R. M, Jr. (2009). IPO research in management and entrepreneurship: Moving the agenda forward. Journal of Management, 35(6), 1340–1378.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chan, L., & Daim, T. U. (2011). Technology transfer in China: Literature review and policy implications. Journal of Science and Technology Policy in China, 2(2), 122–145.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chang, P.-L., & Shih, Hsin-Yu. (2004). The innovation systems of Taiwan and China: A comparative analysis. Technovation, 24(7), 529–539.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, Z. (1986). Unprecedented activity in bringing together science and technology with production. Renmin Ribao (Overseas edition), (February 14): 1.

  • Chen, J., Huang, C., & Zuo, L. (ch 2005). Research on the building and managing styles between a Chinese university science park and a UK science park. Science of Science and Management of S. & T., 8, 50–54. (translation from Chinese language).

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen, K., & Kenney, M. (2007). Universities/research institutes and regional innovation systems: The cases of Beijing and Shenzhen. World Development, 35(6), 1056–1074.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, K., Li, X., & Yang, G. (ch 2014). A comparison of technology transfer efficiency of domestic and foreign universities: Based on the DEA-Malmquist method. Science of Science and Management of S. & T., 35(7), 98–106. (translation from Chinese language).

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen, H., Song, Z., & Yang, M. (ch 2007). A factor analysis and primary study on patent implementation in Chinese universities. R&D Management, 19(4), 101–106. (translation from Chinese language).

    Google Scholar 

  • Conti, A., & Liu, C. C. (2015). Bringing the lab back in: Personnel composition and scientific output at the MIT Department of Biology. Research Policy, 44(9), 1633–1644.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eun, J.-H., Lee, K., & Wu, G. (2006). Explaining the “UREs” in China: A theoretical framework for university–industry relationship in developing countries and its application to China. Research Policy, 35(9), 1329–1346.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fan, C., & Chen, Y. (ch 2000). The rise of the university science park in China. Science Research Management, 21(6), 101–106. (translation from Chinese language).

    Google Scholar 

  • Fan, B., & Yu, J. (ch 2013). The influence of resource input, regional environment on university technology transfer: An analysis based on the panel data of China’s provinces in 1994–2009. Studies in Science of Science, 31(11), 1656–1662. (translation from Chinese language).

    Google Scholar 

  • Feng, G., & Wang, D. (ch 2003). A study of the function and role of research universities in industry–university–institute cooperation. Tsinghua Journal of Education, 24(2), 92–95. (translation from Chinese language).

    Google Scholar 

  • Fisch, C. O., Block, J. H., & Sandner, P. G. (2014). Chinese university patents: Quantity, quality, and the role of subsidy programs. Journal of Technology Transfer, Published online: 10 December 2014.

  • Fu, X. (2015). China’s path to innovation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Fu, Y., Zhang, L., Ma, Q., & Chen, Q. (ch 2010). The impact of R&D resource input on patent output of various types of colleges and universities. R&D Management, 22(3), 103–111. (translation from Chinese language).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gao, X., Song, W., Peng, X., & Song, X. (2014). Technology transferring performance of Chinese universities: Insights from patent licensing data. Advances in Applied Sociology, 4(12), 289–300.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gephardt, C. (1999). Asia is taking a hard look: University–foreign company relations in China. Journal of Technology Transfer, 24(2–3), 247–254.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guan, J. C., Yam, R. C. M., & Mok, C. K. (2005). Collaboration between industry and research institutes/universities on industrial innovation in Beijing. China. Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, 17(3), 339–353.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guo, D. (ch 2013). A study of the technology transfer system in Chinese universities. Science Research Management, 34(6), 115–121, 160 (translation from Chinese language).

  • Guo, Q., & Liu, L. (ch 2005). A study of S&T inputs, patent applications and patent management in universities. R&D Management, 17(4), 87–93. (translation from Chinese language).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hayhoe, R. (1989). China’s universities and Western academic models. Higher Education, 18(1), 49–85.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • He, B., & Fan, S. (ch 2013). The evolution and impact factors of university technology transfer efficiency in China: Based on the method of Bootstrap-DEA and Panel Tobit model. Science of Science and Management of S. & T., 34(10), 85–94. (translation from Chinese language).

    Google Scholar 

  • He, X., Fu, Y., & Sun, J. (ch 2010). Research on countermeasures to stimulate the conversion of S&T achievements of universities. R&D Management, 22(6), 128–132. (translation from Chinese language).

    Google Scholar 

  • He, J., Meng, H., Zhou, L., Wu, Y., & Li, Y. (ch 2007a). Technology transfer of research-oriented university and its countermeasures. Educational Research, 8, 15–22. (translation from Chinese language).

    Google Scholar 

  • He, J., Wu, Y., & Zhou, L. (ch 2007b). A study on the contribution of university technology transfer in Beijing to Beijing’ economic growth. Studies in Science of Science, 25(5), 871–876. (translation from Chinese language).

    Google Scholar 

  • He, W., Zhang, B., Tian, X., & Li, H. (ch 2014). An analysis of the patents of Jinlin University based on innography database. Information Science, 32(8), 144–147, 156. (translation from Chinese language).

  • Hershberg, E., Nabeshima, K., & Yusuf, S. (2007). Opening the ivory tower to business: university–industry linkages and the development of knowledge-intensive clusters in Asian Cities. World Development, 35(6), 931–940.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hong, W. (2008). Decline of the center: the decentralizing process of knowledge transfer of Chinese universities from 1985 to 2004. Research Policy, 37(4), 580–595.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hong, W. (ch 2010). The changing regional pattern of university–industry co-patenting: An analysis based on social network method. Studies in Science of Science, 28(1), 40–46, 150. (translation from Chinese language).

  • Hong, W., & Su, Y.-S. (2013). The effect of institutional proximity in non-local university–industry collaborations: An analysis based on Chinese patent data. Research Policy, 42(2), 454–464.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hu, E. (ch 2002). A study of the problems and countermeasures in industry–university–institute cooperation. R&D Management, 14(1), 54–57. (translation from Chinese language).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hu, J. (ch 2009). An analysis of technology transfer problems in Chinese universities. Science and Technology Management Research, 29(11), 224–225. (translation from Chinese language).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hu, H. (ch 2010). Incubation, transfer, feedback and alliance: Research on innovative growth path of USOs-Learning from NUCTECH. China Soft Science, 7, 58–63. (translation from Chinese language).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hu, M. C., & Mathews, J. A. (2008). China’s national innovative capacity. Research Policy, 37(9), 1465–1479.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hu, G., Zhang, X., Liu, W., & Hu, D. (ch 2014). Local institutes: A new exploration of the transformation mode of S&T achievements in universities. R&D Management, 26(3), 122–128. (translation from Chinese language).

    Google Scholar 

  • Jia, D. (1996). The legislative background and main content of the Law of Promoting scientific and technological achievements. Keji Chengguo Zongheng, 5, 13–17, 43. (translation from Chinese language).

  • Kaneva, M., & Untura, G. (2014). The knowledge economy in China and public–private partnerships of universities. European Journal of Economics and Management, 1(1), 193–211.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kenney, M., Breznitz, D., & Murphree, M. (2013). Coming back home after the sun rises: Returnee entrepreneurs and growth of high tech industries. Research Policy, 42(2), 391–407.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kenney, M., & Mowery, D. C. (Eds.). (2014). Public universities and regional growth: Insights from the University of California. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kroll, H., & Liefner, I. (2008). Spin-off enterprises as a means of technology commercialization in a transforming economy: Evidence from three universities in China. Technovation, 28(5), 298–313.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lei, C., & Huang, Y. (ch 2003). A comparison of university technology transfer at home and abroad. R&D Management, 15(5), 45–52. (translation from Chinese language).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewin, A., Murmann, J., & Kenney, M. (2016). China’s Innovation Challenge: Overcoming the Middle-Income Trap. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Li, P. (ch 1999). A comparison of the development modes of the Chinese USPs. Studies in Science of Science, 17(4), 90–95. (translation from Chinese language).

    Google Scholar 

  • Li, P. (ch 2002). Research on transformation of high-tech achievements and local governmental management innovation. Studies in Science of Science, 20(3), 292–296. (translation from Chinese language).

    Google Scholar 

  • Li, W. (ch 2003). An analysis of the influencing factors for technology transfer in Chinese universities and national research. Science of Science and Management of S. & T., 6, 48–51. (translation from Chinese language).

    Google Scholar 

  • Li, P. (ch 2006). A comparison between functions of Guangdong and Hong Kong governments in science and technology transformation in universities. Studies in Science of Science, 24(6), 890–894. (translation from Chinese language).

    Google Scholar 

  • Li, S., Han, C., & Yang, H. (ch 2002). The function and position of the USPs. R&D Management, 14(4), 77–80. (translation from Chinese language).

    Google Scholar 

  • Li, J., Ren, L., & Wu, C. (ch 2010). A study of the relationship between R&D expenditure of research institutes, universities and enterprises and patent output. Science & Technology Progress and Policy, 27(20), 103–108. (translation from Chinese language).

    Google Scholar 

  • Li, X., Xuan, Z., & Yang, Y. (ch 2014). A study of the features of Chinese university technology transfer: A comparison study on knowledge flow between China and USA. Forum on Science and Technology in China, 12, 98–102, 113. (translation from Chinese language).

  • Li, Z., & Zhang, H. (ch 2013). The shaping of the social networks of transplantation with soil in university technology transfer. Science and Society, 3(3), 121–135. (translation from Chinese language).

    Google Scholar 

  • Liang, M. (2012). Chinese patent quality: Running the numbers and possible remedies. John Marshall Review of Intellectual Property Law, 11, 478.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liao, S., & Xu, S. (ch 2009). An analysis of university–enterprise technology transfer efficiency and its influencing factors in China. Science of Science and Management of S. & T., 11, 52–56. (translation from Chinese language).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lin, J., & Zhou, G. (ch 2006). A study of the knowledge transfer mechanism in industry–university collaboration: A case study of the implementation of project management mode in a exploration and design institute. China Soft Science, 3, 139–144. (translation from Chinese language).

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu, Y. (ch 2007). The development and problems of Chinese university technology transfer. Forum on Science and Technology in China, 3, 99–104. (translation from Chinese language).

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu, Z., & Fu, Z. (ch 2010). An analysis of the influencing factors of technology transfer in local colleges and universities. Scientific Management Research, 28(3), 26–29. (translation from Chinese language).

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu, H., & Jiang, Y. (2001). Technology transfer from higher education institutions to industry in China: Nature and implications. Technovation, 21(3), 175–188.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, C., & Peng, J. (ch 2004). How to set up a university science park? An empirical study of the science park of Nanjing University. R&D Management, 16(4), 101–107. (translation from Chinese language).

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu, H., & Shi, J. (ch 2009). An empirical study of the relationship between university technology transfer and China’s economic growth. Science and Technology Management Research, 7, 244–246. (translation from Chinese language).

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu, X., & White, S. (2001). Comparing innovation systems: A framework and application to China’s transitional context. Research Policy, 30(7), 1091–1114.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, Y., Zhang, Y., Yang, J., Zhang, J., & Han, X. (ch 2007). Investigation and thinking about the status quo of patent implementation in Chinese universities and colleges. R&D Management, 19(1), 112–119. (translation from Chinese language).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lu, Q. (2000). China’s leap into the information age: Innovation and organization in the computer industry. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Lu, J., & Tan, S. (ch 2008). Operational practice of linked organizations for transforming the S&T achievements of universities in Shanghai. R&D Management, 20(2), 122–126. (translation from Chinese language).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lu, J., & Yang, C. (ch 2005). A study of the selection and application of university technology transfer modes. Science and Technology Management Research, 25(9), 80–83. (translation from Chinese language).

    Google Scholar 

  • Luan, C., Zhou, C., & Liu, A. (2010). Patent strategy in Chinese universities: A comparative perspective. Scientometrics, 84(1), 53–63.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lundvall, B.-A. (Ed.). (1992). National Systems of innovation: Towards a theory of innovation and interactive learning. London: Pinter.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lv, C., Meng, H., & He, J. (ch 2005). On the effect of the research university in the national independent innovation system. Tsinghua Journal of Education, 26(5), 1–7. (translation from Chinese language).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ma, Y., Liu, F., & Sun, Y. (ch 2012). Analysis on the network of Chinese university patents cited by the industry: Taking Tsinghua University as an example. Science Research Management, 33(6), 92–99. (translation from Chinese language).

    Google Scholar 

  • Mei, Y., & Meng, X. (ch 2009). An analysis on modes of university technology transfer: Investigation and thinking on technology transfer in Tsinghua University. Science & Technology Progress and Policy, 26(24), 1–5. (translation from Chinese language).

    Google Scholar 

  • Meng, H., He, J., & Lv, C. (ch 2006). Innovation integration at the Tsinghua University Science Park. Tsinghua Journal of Education, 27(2), 69–74. (translation from Chinese language).

    Google Scholar 

  • Min, W., & Ma, W. (ch 1999). The function of the university in the knowledge-based economy age: The practices and prospects for Beijing University. Research in Educational Development, 27(2), 65–67. (translation from Chinese language).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ministry of Education, Science and Technology Development Center. (2010). http://www.cutech.edu.cn/cn/kjcy/xbcytj/2012/05/1331845776580212.htm (translation from Chinese language).

  • Nelson, R. R. (Ed.). (1993). National innovation systems: A comparative analysis. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nelson, A. J. (2012). Putting university research in context: Assessing alternative measures of production and diffusion at Stanford. Research Policy, 41(4), 678–691.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Perkmann, M., Tartari, V., McKelvey, M., Autio, E., Broström, A., D’Este, P., et al. (2013). Academic engagement and commercialisation: A review of the literature on university–industry relations. Research Policy, 42(2), 423–442.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Piñeiro, C. L., & Hicks, D. (2014). Reception of Spanish sociology by domestic and foreign audiences differs and has consequences for evaluation. Research Evaluation, 24(1), 78–89.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Psacharopoulos, G. (1994). Returns to investment in education: A global update. World Development, 22(9), 1325–1343.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Psacharopoulos, G., & Patrinos, H. A. (2004). Returns to investment in education: A further update. Education Economics, 12(2), 111–134.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Qiu, Q. (ch 2002). Analysis on the property rights arrangement in Chinese university-owned high-tech enterprises. China Soft Science, 5, 117–121. (translation from Chinese language).

    Google Scholar 

  • Qu, Y. (ch 2010). Problems of intellectual property protection in university technology transfer in China and America. Journal of Beijing Jiaotong University (Social Sciences Edition), 9(2), 101–105. (translation from Chinese language).

    Google Scholar 

  • Rao, K., Meng, X., Chen, Q., & Piccaluga, A. (ch 2011). Comparative research on university patent technology transfer between China and Europe. Soft Science, 25(10), 22–26. (translation from Chinese language).

    Google Scholar 

  • Rao, K., Meng, X., & Piccaluga, A. (ch 2012a). The impact of government R&D investments on Chinese university technology transfer contracts: Based on the triple helix theory. Science of Science and Management of S. & T., 33(8), 74–81. (translation from Chinese language).

    Google Scholar 

  • Rao, K., Meng, X., Xu, L., & Piccaluga, A. (ch 2012b). The impact of R&D investments on technology transfer contracts of chinese universities. Journal of Management Science, 25(5), 76–84. (translation from Chinese language).

    Google Scholar 

  • Rao, K., Meng, X., Xu, L., & Piccaluga, A. (ch 2013a). The impact of R&D investments on patent technology transfer activities of local universities: An empirical analysis of provincial panel data. Management Review, 25(5), 144–154. (translation from Chinese language).

    Google Scholar 

  • Rao, K., Meng, X., & Yu, X. (ch 2013b). The impact of S&T human resource factors on Chinese local university patenting-licensing activities. Forum on Science and Technology in China, 4, 135–141. (translation from Chinese language).

    Google Scholar 

  • Rothaermel, F. T., Agung, S. D., & Lin, J. (2007). University entrepreneurship: Taxonomy of the literature. Industrial and Corporate Change, 16(4), 691–791.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shi, D., Xu, H., & Liu, F. (ch 2009). The impact of government’s S&T investment on the expenditure and patents of universities. Science & Technology Progress and Policy, 26(23), 192–195. (translation from Chinese language).

    Google Scholar 

  • State Council of China. (ch 2008). The notification of the national intellectual property strategy outline issued by China’s State Council. http://www.gov.cn/zwgk/2008-06/10/content_1012269.htm (translation from Chinese language).

  • State Intellectual Property Office of the P.R.C. (ch 2012).The notification on National Patent Development Strategy (2011–2020) issued by the State Intellectual Property Office of the People’s Republic of China. http://www.sipo.gov.cn/ztzl/ywzt/qgzlsyfzzltjgz/noticeps/201311/t20131113_879257.html (translation from Chinese language).

  • Su, D.-J., Al, M., & Sohn, D.-W. (2011). A model to create high-tech start-ups from the academic environment: The case of Peking University (PKU) and Tsinghua University (THU). African Journal of Business Management, 5(26), 10821–10833.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tang, M. F. (2006). A comparative study on the role of National Technology Transfer Centers in different Chinese universities. In 4th Globelics conference in Trivandrum, India.

  • U.S. National Science Foundation. (2016). Science and Engineering Indicators 2016.

  • Van Essen, C. (2007). The development and diversity of science parks in China: Three cases. Master Thesis, Erasmus University (May).

  • Von Hippel, E. (1988). The sources of innovation. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang, T. (ch 2010). A study of modes of university technology transfer in Xinjiang. Forum on Science and Technology in China, 1, 96–100. (translation from Chinese language).

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang, Y., Huang, J., Chen, Y., Pan, X., & Chen, J. (2013). Have Chinese universities embraced their third mission? New insight from a business perspective. Scientometrics, 97(2), 207–222.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, Y., & Lei, H. (ch 2012). University technology transfer and university patent management are a responsibility for engineering education. Research in Higher Education of Engineering, 6, 158–162. (translation from Chinese language).

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang, Y., & Lu, L. (2007). Knowledge transfer through effective university–industry interactions: Empirical experiences from China. Journal of Technology Management in China, 2(2), 119–133.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, B., & Ma, J. (2007). Collaborative R&D: Intellectual property rights between Tsinghua University and multinational companies. Journal of Technology Transfer, 32(4), 457–474.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, Q., Wu, J., & Shen, Y. (ch 2012). A study of the correlation between quantifiable factors of resources and the technology transfer output of universities of science and engineering. Science and Technology Management Research, 9, 81–86. (translation from Chinese language).

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang, X., Zhang, Y., & Wang, Z. (ch 2004). IPR protection and technology transfer of SJTU. R&D Management, 16(2), 110–115. (translation from Chinese language).

    Google Scholar 

  • Weng, J. (ch 2000). A Comparison of the incentive policies for university technology transfer in America, Japan and China. Journal of Higher Education, 4, 98–102. (translation from Chinese language).

    Google Scholar 

  • Wu, W. (2007). Cultivating research universities and industrial linkages in China: The case of Shanghai. World Development, 35(6), 1075–1093.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wu, W. (2010). Managing and incentivizing research commercialization in Chinese Universities. Journal of Technology Transfer, 35(2), 203–224.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wu, F., & Dong, Z. (ch 2010). The influencing factors of university technology transfer ability and empirical analysis. Science & Technology Progress and Policy, 27(10), 137–140. (translation from Chinese language).

    Google Scholar 

  • Wu, Y., Ge, Z., & Zheng, Y. (ch 2001). Strengthening the patent work in colleges and universities and promoting the development of science and technology: Preliminary research and revelation of patent work in Tsinghua University. Science of Science and Management of S. & T., 4, 38–41. (translation from Chinese language).

    Google Scholar 

  • Wu, J., Zhang, Y., & Shi, Q. (ch 2008). A study on the efficiency of knowledge innovation: An example of patent applications. R&D Management, 20(6), 117–121. (translation from Chinese language).

    Google Scholar 

  • Wu, W., & Zhou, Yu. (2012). The third mission stalled? Universities in China’s technological progress. Journal of Technology Transfer, 37(6), 812–827.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xiao, G., & Li, J. (ch 2014). The influence of patent funding policy on university technology transfer: Evidence from Shanghai. Scientific Management Research, 32(6), 37–40. (translation from Chinese language).

    Google Scholar 

  • Xie, K., Zhao, B., Zhang, L., & Wang, X. (ch 2002). A discussion of the industry–university–institute program in universities and its operating mechanism. Studies in Science of Science, 20(4), 423–427. (translation from Chinese language).

    Google Scholar 

  • Xu, C. (ch 2013). Universities’ patents, technology transfer and firms’ innovation in China: Based on the accumulation innovation. Science of Science and Management of S. & T., 34(12), 78–86. (translation from Chinese language).

    Google Scholar 

  • Xu, Y., & Chen, Z. (ch 2005). Analyzing and designing an information system for achieving the transformation of science and technology in universities based on B/S model. Studies in Dialectics of Nature, 21(7), 90–93. (translation from Chinese language).

    Google Scholar 

  • Xu, K., & Gao, S. (ch 2008). A study of the scientific research inputs and outputs of Chinese universities. R&D Management, 20(2), 97–101. (translation from Chinese language).

    Google Scholar 

  • Xu, J., & Mei, M. (ch 2003). The accelerator of the knowledge economy: The concept and development strategy of Tsinghua University Science Park. Journal of Tsinghua University (Philosophy and Social Sciences), 18(4), 89–94. (translation from Chinese language).

    Google Scholar 

  • Xu, G., Ye, J., & Zou, Y. (ch 2008). Analysis of the influencing factors of knowledge transfer in industry–university collaboration. Journal of Information, 2, 87–89. (translation from Chinese language).

    Google Scholar 

  • Xue, L. (2004). University–market linkages in China: The case of university-affiliated enterprises. Paper presented at the symposium on University, Research Institute and Industry Relations in the U.S., Taiwan and Mainland China, Stanford Project on Regions of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Palo Alto, CA (September 7–8, 2004) http://iis-db.stanford.edu/evnts/4097/LXue_University-Market_Linkages_in_China.pdf.

  • Yan, W., & Zhou, F. (ch 2006). A study of a fuzzy evaluation methods for the performance of university technology transfer. R&D Management, 18(6), 129–133. (translation from Chinese language).

    Google Scholar 

  • Yang, Z. (ch 2008). Study of Chinese university patents and science and technology innovation activities. Library Work and Study, 6, 90–93. (translation from Chinese language).

    Google Scholar 

  • Yang, J., & Li, C. (ch 2010). A comparative study of technology transfer at MIT and Tsinghua University. Forum on Science and Technology in China, 1, 147–151. (translation from Chinese language).

    Google Scholar 

  • Yang, T., & Ling, W. (ch 2009). Cointegration and Granger causality analysis of university technology transfer and economic growth in Guangdong province. Science and Technology Management Research, 11, 215–217. (translation from Chinese language).

    Google Scholar 

  • Yang, D., Wang, Q., & Meng, X. (ch 2007). An analysis of the factors influencing Chinese research university spin-off firms. Studies in Science of Science, 25(3), 511–517. (translation from Chinese language).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ye, J., Yang, Y., Han, J., & Wei, L. (ch 2014). Inputs, unobserved factors and university technology transfer: An empirical analysis of China’s universities patent data. Economic Science, 5, 103–117. (translation from Chinese language).

    Google Scholar 

  • Yu, X., Qi, W., Li, F., & Tan, M. (ch 2011). Study of the evaluation of the whole process of universities’ technology transfer of Chinese provinces: A catastrophe theory perspective. Forum on Science and Technology in China, 10, 102–108. (translation from Chinese language).

    Google Scholar 

  • Yuan, C., Jia, Y., Fang, K., & Liu, Z. (ch 2009). Effects of university type on university knowledge transfer in China: A resource-based view. Science of Science and Management of S. & T., 30(7), 134–138. (translation from Chinese language).

    Google Scholar 

  • Yuan, C., Gao, J., & Sun, H. (ch 2013a). The impact of local government support and regional market uncertainty on the efficiency of university technology transfer: Evidence from chinese “211-project” universities. R&D Management, 25(3), 10–17. (translation from Chinese language).

    Google Scholar 

  • Yuan, C., Sun, H., & Fang, K. (ch 2013b). The effects of institutional change on university knowledge transfer during the transition period: Evidence from the universities mergers in China. Chinese Journal of Management, 10(3), 451–457. (translation from Chinese language).

    Google Scholar 

  • Yuan, C., Sun, H., & Li, X. (ch 2013c). The impact of local government’s S. & T. investment intensity and local market technology demand on research university patent output efficiency. Science & Technology Progress and Policy, 30(10), 26–30. (translation from Chinese language).

    Google Scholar 

  • Yuan, C., Sun, H., & Wang, T. (ch 2012a). Study of the relationship between the government support and the efficiency of university knowledge creation and transfer. Studies in Science of Science, 30(9), 1397–1404. (translation from Chinese language).

    Google Scholar 

  • Yuan, C., Zhao, W., & Zhou, L. (ch 2012b). The impact of government support and market uncertainty on university–industry knowledge transfer efficiency. Science Research Management, 33(10), 106–113. (translation from Chinese language).

    Google Scholar 

  • Yusuf, S., & Nabeshima, K. (Eds.). (2007). How universities promote economic growth. World Bank Publications.

  • Zhai, T., & Li, Y. (ch 2012). The path analysis of collaborative management on the transformation of university scientific and technological achievements. Science & Technology Progress and Policy, 29(22), 44–47. (translation from Chinese language).

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, A., & Cao, X. (ch 2004). Analysis on scientific and technological achievements transformation in universities and colleges. Seeker, 10, 50–51.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, J., & Liu, W. (ch 2012). Evolution and trend of university technology transfer organization. Science & Technology Progress and Policy, 29(6), 147–150. (translation from Chinese language).

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, H., Hu, Z., & Li, Z. (ch 2013a). Empirical measuring the correlation between R&D projects and agreements of university technology transfer: Case study of Chinese 985 Project universities. Studies in Science of Science, 31(4), 495, 537–545. (translation from Chinese language).

  • Zhang, H., Patton, D., & Kenney, M. (2013b). Building global-class universities: Assessing the impact of the 985 Project. Research Policy, 42(3), 765–775.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, Y., Wu, J., & Shi, Q. (ch 2008). Analysis of the efficiency of university’s S&T input and achievement transformation. Science and Technology Management Research, 8, 133–135. (translation from Chinese language).

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhao, W., Xue, T., & Hou, D. (ch 1998). Comparative study of university technology transfer in different countries. Studies in Foreign Education, 5, 39–43. (translation from Chinese language).

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhou, X. (ch 2011). Study on modes of scientific and technological achievements transformation in Chinese universities and colleges. Journal of Fuzhou University (Philosophy and Social Sciences), 25(1), 104–107. (translation from Chinese language).

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhou, Y. (2015). The rapid rise of a research nation. Nature, 528(17 December), S170–S173.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou, Y., & Minshall, T. (2014). Building global products and competing in innovation: the role of Chinese university spin-outs and required innovation capabilities. International Journal of Technology Management, 64(234), 180–209.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou, Y., Minshall, T., & Hampden-Turner, C. (2010). Building innovation capabilities: An inquiry into the dynamic growth process of university spin-outs in China. International Journal of Innovation and Technology Management, 7(3), 273–302.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou, R., Tu, G., & Yu, D. (ch 2013). Structure, behavior and their evolvement of knowledge network of university technology transfer team. Forum on Science and Technology in China, 11, 79–84. (translation from Chinese language).

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhou, F., & Zhu, X. (ch 2007). A study on the resource factors and the performance of university technology transfer. R&D Management, 19(5), 87–94. (translation from Chinese language).

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhu, G., & Frame, J. D. (1987). Technology transfer within China. Journal of Technology Transfer, 11(2), 29–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zou, Y., & Zhao, W. (2014). Anatomy of Tsinghua University Science Park in China: institutional evolution and assessment. Journal of Technology Transfer, 39(5), 663–674.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

Aihua Chen gratefully acknowledges the support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No. 71403104, Humanity and Social Science Youth Foundation of Ministry of Education of China under Grant No. 14YJCZH005, and the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No. LQ13G030016. The authors acknowledge the helpful comments and assistance of Al Link, Ben Martin, Francis Delos Santos, Max von Zedtwitz, and an anonymous reviewer.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Business, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China

    Aihua Chen

  2. Department of Community and Regional Development, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA

    Donald Patton & Martin Kenney

Authors
  1. Aihua Chen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Donald Patton
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Martin Kenney
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Martin Kenney.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Chen, A., Patton, D. & Kenney, M. University technology transfer in China: a literature review and taxonomy. J Technol Transf 41, 891–929 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-016-9487-2

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-016-9487-2

Keywords

JEL Classification

Search

Navigation