Abstract
Explosive spalling due to fire exposure in concrete structures can lead severe damage and, in the worst case, to premature component failure. For this reason, an in situ investigation of water migration in concrete due to surface heating was undertaken. During these experiments, a miniaturized concrete specimen within a confining and insulating double-hull was subjected to surface heating during simultaneous X-ray computed tomography (CT) scanning. Through the use of subtraction-based image analysis techniques, it was possible to observe and quantify not only drying within areas of the concrete matrix close to the heated surface, but also the migration of moisture to both pore and matrix regions deeper within the specimen. It was also discovered that the correction of CT images for specimen deformation using DVC and variable detector performance using calibrated image filters significantly improved the quality of the results. This clearly demonstrates the potential of X-ray CT for evaluation of other rapid-density-change phenomena in concrete and other building materials.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Kordina, K.: Planung unterirdischer Verkehrsanlagen gegen Brandgefahren. In: Tunnel (2004)
Kalifa, P., Chéné, G., Gallé, C.: High-temperature behaviour of HPC with polypropylene fibres From spalling to microstructure. Cem. Concr. Res. 31, 1487–1499 (2001)
Jansson, R., Boström, L.: Fire spalling—the moisture effect. In: Dehn F., Koenders, E.A.B. (eds.) 1st International Workshop on Concrete Spalling due to Fire Exposure, Leipzig. pp. 120–129 (2009)
Van der Heijden, G.H.A., et al.: One-dimensional scanning of moisture in heated porous building materials with NMR. J. Magn. Reson. 208, 235–242 (2011)
Weber, B., et al.: Neutron radiography of heated high-performance mortar. MATEC Web Conf. 6, 8 (2013)
Toropovs, N., et al.: Real-time measurement of temperature, pressure and moisture profiles in high-performance concrete exposed to high temperatures during neutron radiography imaging. Cem. Concr. Res. 68, 166–173 (2015)
Powierza, B.: In-Situ CT observation of water migration in heated concrete. In: 3rd International Conference on Tomography of Materials and Structures, Lund, Sweden (2017)
Stelzner, L., et al.: Analysis of moisture transport in unilateral-heated dense high-strength concrete. In: 5th International Workshop on Concrete Spalling due to Fire Exposure, Borås, Sweden (2017)
Masschaele, B., et al.: High-speed thermal neutron tomography for the visualization of water repellents, consolidants and water uptake in sand and lime stones. Radiat. Phys. Chem. 71(3–4), 807–808 (2004)
Hillenbach, A., et al.: High flux neutron imaging for high-speed radiography, dynamic tomography and strongly absorbing materials. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. A 542(1–3), 116–122 (2005)
Martz, H.E., et al.: Computerized-tomography analysis of reinforced-concrete. ACI Mater. J. 90(3), 259–264 (1993)
Morgan, I.L., et al.: Examination of concrete by computerized-tomography. J. Am. Concr. Inst. 77(1), 23–27 (1980)
Flannery, B.P., et al.: Three-dimensional X-ray microtomography. Science 237(4821), 1439–1444 (1987)
Feldkamp, L.A., Davis, L.C., Kress, J.W.: Practical cone-beam algorithm. J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 1(6), 612–619 (1984)
Landis, E.N., Nagy, E.N., Keane, D.T.: Microtomographic measurements of internal damage in portland-cement-based composites. J. Aerosp. Eng. 10(1), 2–6 (1997)
Asahina, D., Landis, E.N., Bolander, J.E.: Modeling of phase interfaces during pre-critical crack growth in concrete. Cem. Concr. Compos. 33(9), 966–977 (2011)
Poinard, C., et al.: Compression triaxial behavior of concrete: the role of the mesostructure by analysis of X-ray tomographic images. Eur. J. Environ. Civ. Eng. 16, S115–S136 (2012)
Oesch, T.S., Landis, E.N., Kuchma, D.A.: Conventional concrete and UHPC performance-damage relationships identified using computed tomography. J. Eng. Mech. 142(12), 531–538 (2016)
Oesch, T.S.: In-Situ CT investigation of pull-out failure for reinforcing bars embedded in conventional and high-performance concretes. In: 6th Conference on Industrial Computed Tomography (ICT), Wels, Austria: NDT.net (2016)
Paetsch, O., et al.: 3D corrosion detection in time-dependent CT images of concrete. In: Digital Industrial Radiology and Computed Tomography Conference, Ghent, Belgium (2015)
Yang, L., et al.: In-Situ tracking of water transport in cement paste using X-ray computed tomography combined with CsCl enhancing. Mater. Lett. 160, 381–383 (2015)
Boone, M.A., et al.: 3D mapping of water in oolithic limestone at atmospheric and vacuum saturation using X-ray micro-CT differential imaging. Mater. Charact. 97, 150–160 (2014)
Yang, F., et al.: Visualization of water drying in porous materials by X-ray phase contrast imaging. J. Microsc. 261(1), 88–104 (2016)
Wildenschild, D., et al.: Using X-ray computed tomography in hydrology: systems, resolutions, and limitations. J. Hydrol. 267(3), 285–297 (2002)
Wildenschild, D., et al.: Quantitative analysis of flow processes in a sand using synchrotron-based X-ray microtomography. Vadose Zone J. 4(1), 112–126 (2005)
Dauti, D., et al.: Analysis of moisture migration in concrete at high temperature through in situ neutron tomography. Cem. Concr. Res. 111, 41–55 (2018)
Schneider, U.: Compressive strength for service and accident conditions. Mater. Struct. 28(181), 410–414 (1995)
Kalifa, P., Menneteau, F.-D., Quenard, D.: Spalling and pore pressure in HPC at high temperatures. Papers presented at the symposium on transport properties and microstructure of cement-based systems, vol. 30, pp. 1915–1927 (2000)
Feldkamp, L.A., Davis, L.C., Kress, J.W.: Practical cone-beam algorithm. J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 1(6), 612–619 (1984)
Rüegsegger, P., et al.: Standardization of computed tomography images by means of a material-selective beam hardening correction. J. Comput. Assist. Tomogr. 2(2), 184–188 (1978)
Weise, F., Onel, Y., Goebbels, J.: Analyse des Gefuge- und Feuchtezustandes in mineralischen Baustoffen mit der Rontgen-3D-Computertomografie. Bauphysik 29(3), 194–201 (2007)
Bay, B.K., et al.: Digital volume correlation: three-dimensional strain mapping using X-ray tomography. Exp. Mech. 39(3), 217–226 (1999)
Roberts, B.C., Perilli, E., Reynolds, K.J.: Application of the digital volume correlation technique for the measurement of displacement and strain fields in bone: a literature review. J. Biomech. 47(5), 923–934 (2014)
Alba, A., et al.: Phase correlation with sub-pixel accuracy: a comparative study in 1D and 2D. Comput. Vis. Image Underst. 137(Suppl C), 76–87 (2015)
Foroosh, H., Zerubia, J.B., Berthod, M.: Extension of phase correlation to subpixel registration. Trans. Image Proc. 11(3), 188–200 (2002)
DIN, V., 1-2 Eurocode 2: Planung von Stahlbeton-und Spann-betontragwerken-Teil 1-2: Allgemeine Regeln-Tragwerksbemessung für den Brandfall, Ausgabe Dezember (2010)
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to acknowledge their gratitude to Dr. Illerhaus, Mr. Meinel and Mr. Onel for their support and advice regarding CT scanning techniques and analysis methods. The work was internally funded by the Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und –prüfung (BAM) through the Menschen-Ideen-Strukturen (MIS) Program.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Powierza, B., Stelzner, L., Oesch, T. et al. Water Migration in One-Side Heated Concrete: 4D In-Situ CT Monitoring of the Moisture-Clog-Effect. J Nondestruct Eval 38, 15 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10921-018-0552-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10921-018-0552-7