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Fossil Calibration of Mitochondrial Phylogenetic Relationships of North American Pine Martens, Martes, Suggests an Older Divergence of M. americana and M. caurina than Previously Hypothesized

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Abstract

As molecularly derived phylogenies have become more prominent in determining evolutionary relationships, researchers have developed multiple methods of time-calibration to estimate ages of speciation or dispersal events. These methods, however, do not always arrive at congruent node ages. Fossil evidence is one of the most common forms of calibration for phylogenies, but age estimates can vary greatly depending on fossil choice, the taxa in question, and methodologies chosen. Using the North American pine martens, Martes americana and M. caurina, as exemplar taxa, previously calculated divergence dates derived from mutation rates and dates estimated using fossil-informed time-calibration are compared. Two fossil calibrated Bayesian phylogenies are generated: one constructed from cytochrome b; and another from a concatenated sequence matrix of 12S, 16S, cytochrome b, and Dloop. Both phylogenies are calibrated based on the fossil record of Martes at three nodes: divergence between ingroup and outgroup clades; node for crown M. americana; and node for crown M. caurina. Both phylogenies support the presence of two clades within Martes and estimate these clades, and thus species, diverged between 540 kya and 234 kya. This is approximately 200,000 years older than divergence ages calculated from mutation rates. The older dates generated here place Martes divergence within the Pre-Illinoan glacial episode instead of the younger Wisconsin glaciation as was previously hypothesized. The results of this study suggest that this clade likely evolved under the climatic influence of multiple glacial cycles throughout the Pleistocene.

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Acknowledgements

Thank you to A. Weil for assistance in developing and writing this research, as well as partial funding. Thank you to H. O’Brien, P. Gignac, W. Booth, N. Wilson, and J. Dudgeon for project design. Thanks to A. Morehardt for manuscript suggestions. Thank you to my reviewers for their thoughtful comments. Thank you to J. Colella for sequences of M. caurina and K. Pilgrim at the National Genomics Center for Wildlife and Fish Conservation for access to tissue for preliminary analyses. Thank you to W. Booth, N. Wilson, and J. Dudgeon for access to laboratory facilities and equipment. Also, thanks to S. Wallace (ETMNH), J. Dunnum (MSB), C. Thompson (UMMZ), J. Bopp (NYSM), B. Coyner (SNOMNH), A. Gunderson (UAMN), S. Peurach (USNM), V. Mathis (FMNH) and J. Bradley (BMUW) for access to collections and for specimen loans. Thank you to Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences for stipend and funding for the duration of this project.

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  1. Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, Campus Box 8108, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA

    Leigha M. Lynch

  2. Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, 1111 W. 17th St., Tulsa, OK, 74107, USA

    Leigha M. Lynch

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  1. Leigha M. Lynch
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Correspondence to Leigha M. Lynch.

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This work was supported by Sigma Xi Grants in Aid of Research, Oklahoma State University Robberson Summer Graduate Research Fellowship, Oklahoma State University Women’s Faculty Council Research Award; and Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences.

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Lynch, L.M. Fossil Calibration of Mitochondrial Phylogenetic Relationships of North American Pine Martens, Martes, Suggests an Older Divergence of M. americana and M. caurina than Previously Hypothesized. J Mammal Evol 27, 535–548 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10914-019-09476-7

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10914-019-09476-7

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