Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Prostate Cancer Cognitive-Behavioral Factors in a West African Population

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Background Similar to African American men, several published studies indicate high incidence of prostate cancer among Nigerian men. However, there is no published study on personal factors that influence prostate cancer detection in this population. We explored prostate cognitive-behavioral factors among indigenous Nigerian men and Nigerian immigrants residing in the US. Methods A cross-sectional survey methodology was employed to collect data from Nigerian men residing in Abeokuta (Nigeria) and Houston (US). Study participants were men between 35 and 79 years. Results The demographic characteristics of both study groups were similar. Based on two-sample comparison results, indigenous Nigerian men demonstrated significant differences from US Nigerian men on several prostate cancer personal cognitive-behavioral factors, including perceived susceptibility to prostate cancer, attitude towards prostate cancer screening and prostate cancer knowledge. Conclusion Emigration of Nigerian men from Nigeria to the US has a significant impact on prostate cancer knowledge and beliefs.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. American Cancer Society. Cancer Facts and Figures. Atlanta: American Cancer Society; 2008.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Giovannucci E, Platz EA, Stampfer MJ, Chan A, Krithivas K, Kawachi I, et al. The CAG repeat within the androgen receptor gene and benign prostatic hyperplasia. Urology. 1999;53:121–5. doi:10.1016/S0090-4295(98)00468-3.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Caskey CT, Pizzuti A, Fu YH, Fenwick RG Jr, Nelson DL. Triplet repeat mutations in human disease. Science. 1992;256(5058):784–9. doi:10.1126/science.1589758.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Platz EA, Rimm EB, Willett WC, Kantoff PW, Giovannucci E. Racial variations in prostate cancer incidence and in hormonal system markers among male health professionals. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2000;92(24):2009–17. doi:10.1093/jnci/92.24.2009.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Smith GE, DeHaven MJ, Grundig JP, Wilson GR. African-American males and prostate cancer: assessing knowledge levels in the community. J Natl Med Assoc. 1997;89(6):387–91.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Barber KR, Shaw R, Folts M, Taylor DK, Ryan A, Hughes M, et al. Differences between African-American and Caucasian men participating in a community-based prostate cancer screening program. J Community Health. 1998;23(6):441–51. doi:10.1023/A:1018758124614.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Abbott RR, Taylor DK, Barber K. A comparison of prostate knowledge of African-American and Caucasian men: Changes from prescreening baseline to post-intervention. Cancer J Sci Am. 1998;4(3):175–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Steele CB, Miller DS, Maylahn C, Uhler RJ, Baker CT. Knowledge, attitudes, and screening practices among older men regarding prostate cancer. Am J Public Health. 2000;90(10):1595–600.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Agho AO, Lewis MA. Correlates of actual and perceived knowledge of prostate cancer among African Americans. Cancer Nurs. 2001;24(3):165–71. doi:10.1097/00002820-200106000-00001.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Ashford AR, Albert SM, Hoke G, Cushman LF, Miller DS, Bassett M. Prostate carcinoma knowledge, attitudes, and screening behavior among African-American men in Central Harlem, New York City. Cancer. 2001;91(1):164–72. doi:10.1002/1097-0142(20010101)91:1<164::AID-CNCR21>3.0.CO;2-A.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Magnus M. Prostate cancer knowledge among multiethnic black men. J Natl Med Assoc. 2004;96(5):650–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Richardson JT, Webster JD, Fields NJ. Uncovering myths and transforming realities among low-SES African-American men: Implications for reducing prostate cancer disparities. J Natl Med Assoc. 2004;96(10):1295–302.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Woods VD, Montgomery SB, Belliard JC, Ramirez-Johnson J, Wilson CM. Culture, black men, and prostate cancer: What is reality? Cancer Control. 2004;11(6):388–96.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Forrester-Anderson IT. Prostate cancer screening perceptions, knowledge, and behaviors among African American men: Focus group findings. J Health Care Poor Underserved. 2005;16(4, Suppl A):22–30. doi:10.1353/hpu.2005.0122.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Jones AR, Shipp M, Thompson CJ, Davis MK. Prostate cancer knowledge and beliefs among black and white older men in rural and urban counties. J Cancer Educ. 2005;20:96–102. doi:10.1207/s15430154jce2002_10.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Ross LE, Uhler RJ, Williams KN. Awareness and use of prostate-specific antigen test among African-American men. J Natl Med Assoc. 2005;97(7):963–71.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Pruthi RS, Tornehl C, Gaston K, Lee K, Moore D, Carson CC, et al. Impact of race, age, income, and residence on prostate cancer knowledge, screening behavior, and health maintenance in siblings of patients with prostate cancer. Eur Urol. 2006;50(1):64–9. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2005.09.024.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. McWhorter WB, Schatzkin AG, Horm JW, Brown CC. Contribution of socioeconomic status to Black/White differences in cancer incidence. Cancer. 1989;63:982–7. doi:10.1002/1097-0142(19890301)63:5<982::AID-CNCR2820630533>3.0.CO;2-I.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Baguet CR, Horm JW, Gibbs T, Greewald P. Socioeconomic factors and cancer incidence among Blacks and Whites. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1991;83:551–7. doi:10.1093/jnci/83.8.551.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Robbins AS, Whittemore AS, Van Den Eeden SK. Race, prostate cancer survival, and membership in a large health maintenance organization. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1998;90(13):986–90. doi:10.1093/jnci/90.13.986.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Brawn PN, Johnson EH, Kuhl DL, Riggs MW, Speights VO, Johnson CFIII, et al. Stage at presentation and survival of white and black patients with prostate carcinoma. Cancer. 1993;71(8):2569–73. doi:10.1002/1097-0142(19930415)71:8<2569::AID-CNCR2820710822>3.0.CO;2-R.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Ndubuisi SC, Kofie VY, Andoh JY, Schwartz EM. Black-white differences in the stage at presentation of prostate cancer in the District of Columbia. Urology. 1995;46(1):71–7. doi:10.1016/S0090-4295(99)80162-9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Freedland SJ, Amling CL, Dorey F, Kane CJ, Presti JC, Terris MK, et al. Race as an outcome predictor following radical prostatectomy: Results from the Shared Equal Access Regional Cancer Hospital (SEARCH) Database. Urology. 2002;60:670–4. doi:10.1016/S0090-4295(02)01847-2.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Polednak AP, Flannery JT. Black versus white racial differences in clinical stage at diagnosis and treatment of prostatic cancer in Connecticut. Cancer. 1992;70:2152–8. doi:10.1002/1097-0142(19921015)70:8<2152::AID-CNCR2820700824>3.0.CO;2-#.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Moul JW, Sesterhenn IA, Connelly RR, Douglas T, Srivastava S, Mostofi FK, et al. Prostate-specific antigen values at the time of prostate cancer diagnosis in African American men. J Am Med Assoc. 1995;274:1277–81. doi:10.1001/jama.274.16.1277.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Horner RD. Racial variation in cancer care: A case study of prostate cancer. Cancer Treat Res. 1998;97:99–114. doi:10.1007/978-0-585-30498-4_8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Brawley OW, Knopf K, Thompson I. The epidemiology of prostate cancer part II: The risk factors. Semin Urol Oncol. 1998;16:193–201.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Fowler JE Jr, Bigler S, Bowman G, Kilambi N. Race and cause specific survival with prostate cancer: Influence of clinical stage, Gleason score, age and treatment. J Urol. 2000;163(1):137–42. doi:10.1016/S0022-5347(05)67989-X.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Whittemore AS, Kolonel LN, Wu AH, John EM, Gallagher RP, Howe GR, et al. Prostate cancer in relation to diet, physical activity, and body size in blacks, whites, and Asians in the United States and Canada. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1995;87(9):652–61. doi:10.1093/jnci/87.9.652.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Freedland SJ, Isaacs WB. Explaining racial differences in prostate cancer in the United States: Sociology or biology? Prostate. 2005;62:243–52. doi:10.1002/pros.20052.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Guo Y, Sigman DB, Borkowski A, Kyprianou N. Racial differences in prostate cancer growth: Apoptosis and cell proliferation in Caucasian and African-American patients. Prostate. 2000;42:130–6. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0045(20000201)42:2<130::AID-PROS7>3.0.CO;2-3.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Ross R, Bernstein L, Judd H, Hanisch R, Pike M, Henderson B. Serum testosterone levels in healthy young black and white men. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1986;76:45–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Ross R, Bernstein L, Lobo RA, Shimizu H, Stanczyk FZ, Pike MC, et al. 5-alpha-reductase activity and risk of prostate cancer among Japanese and US White and Black males. Lancet. 1999;339:887–9. doi:10.1016/0140-6736(92)90927-U.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. McGinnis JM, Williams-Russon P, Knickman JR. The case for more active policy attentions to health promotion. Health Aff. 2002;21(2):78–92. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.21.2.78.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. American Cancer Society.Cancer facts & figures for African Americans 2007–2008. Atlanta: American Cancer Society; 2007.

  36. Shelton P, Weinrich S. Barriers to prostate cancer screening in African-American men. J Natl Black Nurses Assoc. 1999;10(2):14–28.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Weinrich SP, Reynolds WA, Tingen MS, Star CR. Barriers to prostate cancer screening. Cancer Nurs. 2000;23(2):117–21. doi:10.1097/00002820-200004000-00007.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Odedina FT, Scrivens J, Emanuel A, LaRose-Pierre M, Brown J, Nash R. A naturalistic study of factors influencing African American men’s prostate cancer screening behavior. J Natl Med Assoc. 2004;96(6):780–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Nivens AS, Herman J, Weinrich SP, Weinrich MC. Cues to participation in prostate cancer screening: A theory for practice. Oncol Nurs Forum. 2001;28(9):1449–56.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Odedina FT, Campbell E, Scrivens J, Emanuel A, LaRose-Pierre M, Brown J, et al. Personal Factors Affecting African American men’s prostate cancer screening behavior. J Natl Med Assoc. 2008;100(6):724–33.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Gelfand DE, Parzuchowski J, Cort M, Powell I. Digital rectal examinations and prostate cancer screening: Attitudes of African American men. Oncol Nurs Forum. 1995;22(8):1253–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Smith GD, Stamler J, Stamler R, Wentworth D, Neaton JD. Mortality differences between black and white men in the USA: Contribution of income and other risk factors. Lancet. 1998;351:934–6.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Shane L, Wilson T. Prostate cancer, income and education among Afro-Americans in Florida. McNair Journal Fall 1999; 39–42.

  44. Godbey SF. Number by color: PSA gets closer to perfect for black men. Prevention. 1996;8(12):31–2.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Spencer BA, Babey SH, Etzioni DA, Ponce NA, Brown ER, HongJian Y, et al. A population-based survey of prostate-specific antigen testing among California men at higher risk for prostate carcinoma. Cancer. 2006;106(4):765–74. doi:10.1002/cncr.21673.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Reis-Starr C, Weinrich SP, Creanga D, Weinrich M. The association between family history and participation in free prostate cancer screening. Am J Health Studies. 1998;14:95–104.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Boyd MD, Weinrich SP, Weinrich M, Norton A. Obstacles to prostate cancer screening in African-American men. J Natl Black Nurses Assoc. 2001;12:1–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Thomas, H. The slave trade: the story of the atlantic slave trade: 1440–1870. New York: Simon and Schuster; 1997. p. 928.

  49. Lovejoy PE. Transformations in Slavery. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Curtin PD. Atlantic Slave Trade: A Census. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press; 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Boddy-evans A. How many slaves were taken from Africa? http://africanhistory.about.com/cs/slavery/a/slavenumbers.htm (2005). Accessed 18 Jan 2005.

  52. Bandele K. Slave trade map and African-American ancestry. http://www.homestead.com/wysinger/mapofafricadiaspora.html (2005) Accessed 18 Jan 2005.

  53. Anti-slavery international (UK), and Norwegian agency for development cooperation.British council. 2003. Breaking the silence: Learning about the transatlantic slave trade, UNESCO-sponsored programmes and publications. http://www.antislavery.org/breakingthesilence/index.shtml Accessed 28 Apr 2008.

  54. Odedina FT, Ogunbiyi F, Ukoli F. Roots of prostate cancer in African American men. J Natl Med Assoc. 2006;98(4):539–43.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Ferlay J, Bray F, Pisani P, Parkin DM.GLOBOCAN 2002: cancer incidence, mortality and prevalence worldwide. In: IARC cancerbase 2004. No. 5, version 2.0, Lyon: IARC Press.

  56. Ukoli F, Osime U, Akereyeni F, Okunzuwa O, Kittles R, Adams-Campbell L. Prevalence of elevated serum prostate-specific antigen in Rural Nigeria. Int J Urol. 2003;10(6):315–22. doi:10.1046/j.1442-2042.2003.00633.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Ogunbiyi JO, Shittu OB. Increased incidence of prostate cancer in Nigerians. J Natl Med Assoc. 1999;91:159–64.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Udeh IN. Prostate carcinoma in Nigeria: A 10 yr retrospective study. Int Urol Nephrol. 1981;13:159–66. doi:10.1007/BF02082060.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Lawani J, Nkposong EO, Aghadiuno PU, Akute O. Twenty years review of genitourinary tract tumors in Ibadan. In: Solanke TF, editor. Cancer in Nigeria. Ibadan: Ibadan University Press; 1982. p. 67.

    Google Scholar 

  60. Magoha GA. Epidemiological and clinical aspects of incidental carcinoma of the prostate in Africans. experience at the Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos and the Kenyatta National Hospital. Nairobi. East Afr Med J. 1995;72(5):283–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Akang EE, Aligbe JU, Olisa EG. Prostatic Tumors in Benin City, Nigeria. West Afr J Med. 1996;15:56–60.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Osegbe DN. Prostate cancer in Nigerians: Facts and nonfacts. J Urol. 1997;157(4):1340–3. doi:10.1016/S0022-5347(01)64966-8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Eke N, Sapira MK. Prostate cancer in Port Harcourt, Nigeria: Features and outcome. Nig J Surg Res. 2002;4(1–2):34–44.

    Google Scholar 

  64. Nwofor AME, Oranusi CK. Cancer of the prostate: Experience at Nnewi, Southeast, Nigeria. Niger J Clin Pract. 2004;7(2):65–8.

    Google Scholar 

  65. Dawan D, Rafindadi AH, Kalayi GD. Benign prostate hyperplasia and prostate carcinoma in Native Africans. BJU Int. 2000;85:1074–7. doi:10.1046/j.1464-410x.2000.00677.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. Mohammed AZ, Alhassan SU, Edino ST, Ochicha O. Histopathological review of prostatic diseases in Kano, Nigeria. Niger Postgrad Med J. 2003;10(1):1–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Ekwere PD, Egbe SN. The changing pattern of prostate cancer in Nigerians: Current status in the Southeastern States. J Natl Med Assoc. 2002;94(7):619–27.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Mohammed AZ, Nwana EJC, Anjorin AS. Histological pattern of prostatic diseases in Nigerians. Afr J Urol. 2005;11(1):33–8.

    Google Scholar 

  69. Ogunbiyi JO. Epidemiology of Cancer in Ibadan. Tumors Adults. Arch Ibadan Med. 2000;1:3–5.

    Google Scholar 

  70. Jackson MA, Kovi J, Heshmat MY, Ogunmuyiwa TA, Jones GW, Williams AO, et al. Characterization of prostatic carcinoma among Blacks: A comparison between a low-incidence area, Ibadan, Nigeria, and a high-incidence area, Washington, DC. Prostate. 1980;1(2):185–205. doi:10.1002/pros.2990010205.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Zeigler-Johnson CM, Walker AH, Mancke B, Spangler E, Jalloh M, McBride S, et al. Ethnic difference in the frequency of prostate cancer susceptibility Alleles at SRD5A2 and CYP3A4. Hum Hered. 2002;54(1):13–21. doi:10.1159/000066695.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Gueye SM, Zeigler-Johnson CM, Friebel T, Spangler E, Jalloh M, MacBride S, et al. Clinical characteristics of prostate cancer in African Americans, American whites, and Senegalese men. Urology. 2003;61(5):987–92. doi:10.1016/S0090-4295(02)02588-8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Glover FE Jr, Coffey DS, Douglas LL, Cadogan M, Russell H, Tulloch T, et al. The epidemiology of prostate cancer in Jamaica. J Urol. 1998;159(6):1984–6. doi:10.1016/S0022-5347(01)63220-8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Bouchardy C, Mirra AP, Khlat M, Parkin DM, de Souza JM, Gotlieb SL. Ethnicity and cancer risk in São Paulo, Brazil. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1991;1(1):21–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Barros MS, Silva VR, Santos GB, Hughes A, Silveira MA. Prevalence of prostate adenocarcinoma according to race in an university hospital. Int Braz J Urol. 2003;29(4):306–11. doi:10.1590/S1677-55382003000400004.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Paschoalin EL, Martins AC, Pastorello M, Sândis KA, Maciel LMZ, Silva WA Jr, et al. Racial influence on the prevalence of prostate carcinoma in Brazilian volunteers. Int Braz J Urol. 2003;29(4):300–5. doi:10.1590/S1677-55382003000400003.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Brooks SE, Hanchard B, Wolff C, Samuels E, Allen J. Age-specific incidence of cancer in Kingston and St. Andrew, Jamaica, 1988–1992. West Indian Med J. 1995;44(3):102–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Hanchard B, Blake G, Wolff C, Samuels E, Waugh N. Age-specific incidence of cancer in Kingston and St Andrew, Jamaica, 1993–1997. West Indian Med J. 2001;50(2):123–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Blake G, Hanchard B, Mitchell K, Simpson D, Waugh N, Wolff C, et al. Jamaica cancer mortality statistics, 1999. West Indian Med J. 2002;51(2):64–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Bunker C, Patrick A, Miljkovic G, Konety BR, Belle A, Richard JR, et al. Prostate Cancer Screening Parameters in a High-Risk African- Caribbean Population. Urology. 2004;63(4):737–41. doi:10.1016/j.urology.2003.10.064.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Bunker CH, Patrick AL, Maharaj G, Keenan HA, Ramnarine S, Belle A, Richard JR, Dhir R. Prostate cancer risk is three-fold higher among men, aged 50–64, of African descent compared with men of Asian-Indian descent in Trinidad and Tobago. Ethn Dis. 2002; 12(4): S3-30–33.

    Google Scholar 

  82. Bunker CH, Patrick AL, Konety BR, Dhir R, Brufsky AM, Vivas CA, et al. High prevalence of screening-detected prostate cancer among Afro-Caribbeans: the Tobago Prostate Cancer Survey. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2002;11(8):726–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Chinegwundoh F, Enver M, Lee A, Nargund V, Oliver T, Ben-Shlomo Y. Risk and presenting features of prostate cancer amongst African-Caribbean, South Asian and European men in North-east London. BJU Int. 2006;98:1216–20. doi:10.1111/j.1464-410X.2006.06503.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Ben-Shlomo Y, Evans S, Ibrahim F, Patel B, Anson K, Chinegwundoh F, et al. The Risk of Prostate Cancer amongst Black Men in the United Kingdom: the Process Cohort Study. Eur Urol. 2008;53:99–105. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2007.02.047.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Kittles RA, Young D, Weinrich S, Hudson J, Argyropoulos G, Ukoli F, et al. Extent of linkage disequililibrium between the Androgen Receptor Gene CAG and GGC Repeats in human populations: Implications for prostate cancer risk. Human Genet. 2001;109(3):253–61. doi:10.1007/s004390100576.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Freedman ML, Haiman CA, Patterson N, McDonald GJ, Tandon A, Waliszewska A, et al. Admixture mapping identifies 8q24 as a prostate cancer risk locus in African-American men. Pro Natl Acad Sci USA. 2006;103(38):14068–73. doi:10.1073/pnas.0605832103.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Robbins C, Torres JB, Hooker S, Bonilla C, Hernandez W, Candreva A, et al. Confirmation study of prostate cancer risk variants at 8q24 in African Americans identifies a novel risk locus. Genome Research. 2007;17(12):1717–22. doi:10.1101/gr.6782707. Epub 2007 Oct 31.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Population division of the department of economic.social affairs of the United Nations Secretariat, world population prospects: the 2006 revision and world urbanization prospects: the 2005 revision, http://esa.un.org/umpp Accessed 10 Apr 2008.

  89. Zane N, Mak W. Major approaches to the measurement of acculturation among ethnic minority populations: a content analysis and an alternative empirical strategy. In: Chun KM, Organista PB, Marin G, editors. Acculturation: advances in theory, measurement, and applied research. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association; 2003. p. 39.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  90. Paulhus DL. Measurement and control of response bias. In: Robinson JP, Shaver PR, Wrightsman LS, editors. Measures of personality and social psychological attitudes: measures of social psychological attitudes, vol. 1. San Diego, California: Academic Press Inc; 1991. p. 17–59.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

Mr. Eghosa Edebor is acknowledged for his assistance with data collection and Ms. Martha A. Hackett for her assistance with data analysis for this study. We also want to thank all the men who participated in the study.The research study was partially funded by the US Department of State, US Fulbright Program (Dr. FT Odedina 2006-2007).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Oncological Sciences, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida, USA

    Folakemi T. Odedina, Daohai Yu & Nagi Kumar

  2. Department of Pathology, Federal Medical Center (FMC), Abeokuta, Nigeria

    Titilola O. Akinremi

  3. College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, 1520 Martin Luther King Blvd, Tallahassee, Florida, 32307, USA

    Folakemi T. Odedina & R. Renee Reams

  4. Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

    Matthew L. Freedman

Authors
  1. Folakemi T. Odedina
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Daohai Yu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Titilola O. Akinremi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. R. Renee Reams
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Matthew L. Freedman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Nagi Kumar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Folakemi T. Odedina.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Odedina, F.T., Yu, D., Akinremi, T.O. et al. Prostate Cancer Cognitive-Behavioral Factors in a West African Population. J Immigrant Minority Health 11, 258–267 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10903-008-9212-9

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10903-008-9212-9

Keywords

Search

Navigation