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Racial Discrimination, Post Traumatic Stress, and Gambling Problems among Urban Aboriginal Adults in Canada

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Abstract

Little is known about risk factors for problem gambling (PG) within the rapidly growing urban Aboriginal population in North America. Racial discrimination may be an important risk factor for PG given documented associations between racism and other forms of addictive behaviour. This study examined associations between racial discrimination and problem gambling among urban Aboriginal adults, and the extent to which this link was mediated by post traumatic stress. Data were collected via in-person surveys with a community-based sample of Aboriginal adults living in a mid-sized city in western Canada (N = 381) in 2010. Results indicate more than 80 % of respondents experienced discrimination due to Aboriginal race in the past year, with the majority reporting high levels of racism in that time period. Past year racial discrimination was a risk factor for 12-month problem gambling, gambling to escape, and post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in bootstrapped regression models adjusted for confounders and other forms of social trauma. Elevated PTSD symptoms among those experiencing high levels of racism partially explained the association between racism and the use of gambling to escape in statistical models. These findings are the first to suggest racial discrimination may be an important social determinant of problem gambling for Aboriginal peoples. Gambling may be a coping response that some Aboriginal adults use to escape the negative emotions associated with racist experiences. Results support the development of policies to reduce racism directed at Aboriginal peoples in urban areas, and enhanced services to help Aboriginal peoples cope with racist events.

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Acknowledgments

This study was funded by the Alberta Gambling Research Institute and the Alberta Centre for Child, Family and Communities. Dr. Currie was supported by stipend awards from Alberta Innovates: Health Solutions (AIHS) and the Alberta Centre for Child, Family and Community during the course of this research. Dr. Wild was supported by a stipend award from AIHS. All authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. We gratefully acknowledge the guidance of Dean Brown, Leona Carter, Jacqueline Fiala, Elena Jacobs, Miranda Jimmy, Patti LaBoucane-Benson, Donald Langford, Norman McCallum, and Hazel McKennitt, who served as members of the urban Aboriginal Advisory Committee for this study; and the Aboriginal participants who shared their valuable time and information.

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  1. Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Lethbridge, M3083 Markin Hall, Lethbridge, AB, T1K 3M4, Canada

    Cheryl L. Currie

  2. School of Public Health, 3-300 Edmonton Clinic Health Academy, University of Alberta, 11405-87 Ave, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1C9, Canada

    T. Cameron Wild, Donald P. Schopflocher, Lory Laing & Paul Veugelers

  3. Faculty of Native Studies, University of Alberta, 2-31 Pembina Hall, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2H8, Canada

    Brenda Parlee

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Currie, C.L., Wild, T.C., Schopflocher, D.P. et al. Racial Discrimination, Post Traumatic Stress, and Gambling Problems among Urban Aboriginal Adults in Canada. J Gambl Stud 29, 393–415 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-012-9323-z

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