Skip to main content
Log in

A Comparison of Self-vs Parent Reports of Generalised Anxiety Disorder Symptomatology Across Six Age Groups for Boys with an ASD

  • ORIGINAL ARTICLE
  • Published:
Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Although there are reported differences in child vs parent-ratings of children’s anxiety in the wider population, no reports have been published of these differences across age groups in children with an Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). This study investigated the extent and nature of parent–child disagreement on ratings of Generalised Anxiety Disorder (GAD) in a sample of 140 high-functioning boys with an ASD aged 6 to 18 years and one of their parents. Results indicated that, after a peak at ages 7 to 8 years, GAD decreased for ages 9 to 18 years. There were statistically significant differences between parents’ and sons’ ratings for the total GAD score and for several of the individual GAD symptoms, although the clinical impact of those differences was limited. Some minor variation in those differences was present according to the age of the boys with an ASD. Suggestions are made for the valid assessment of GAD in boys with an ASD.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Achenbach, T., McConaughty, S., & Howell, C. (1987). Child/adolescent behavioral and emotional problems: implications of cross-informant correlations for situational specificity. Psychological Bulletin, 101, 213–232.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • APA. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders-5th edition. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baxter, J., Gray, M., Alexander, M., Strazdins, L., & Bittman, M. (2007). Mothers and fathers with young children: Paid employment, caring and wellbeing Social Policy Research Paper No. 30. Canberra: Department of Families, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs.

  • Bitsika, V., Sharpley, C., Sweeney, J., & McFarlane, J. (2014). HPA and SAM axis responses as correlates of self- vs parental ratings of anxiety in boys with an Autistic Disorder. Physiology & Behaviour, 127, 1–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blakeley-Smith, A., Reaven, J., Ridge, K., & Hepburn, S. (2012). Parent–child agreement of anxiety symptoms in youth with Autism Spectrum Disorders. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 6, 707–716.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bongers, I., Koot, H., van der Ende, J., & Verhulst, F. (2003). The normative development of child and anxiety problem behavior. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 112, 179–192.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power for the behavioural sciences. Hillsdale: Erlbaun.

    Google Scholar 

  • Corbett, B., Schupp, C., Levine, S., & Mendoza, S. (2009). Comparing cortisol, stress, and sensory sensitivity in children with autism. Autism Research, 2, 39–49.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • de Los Reyes, A., & Kazdin, A. (2005). Informant discrepancies in the assessment of childhood psychopathology: A critical review, theoretical framework, and recommendations for further study. Psychological Bulletin, 131, 483–509.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eussen, M., Van Gool, A., Verheij, F., De Nijs, P., Verhulst, F., & Greaves-Lord, K. (2013). The association of quality of social relations, symptom severity and intelligance with anxiety in children with Autism Spectrum Disorders. Autism, 17, 723–735.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gadow, K., & Sprafkin, J. (2010). Child and Adolescent Symptom Inventory 4R: Screening and Norms Manual. Stony Brook: Checkmate Plus.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gadow, K., Sprafkin, J., Carlson, G., Schneider, J. A., Nolan, E., Mattison, R., & Rundberg-Rivera, V. (2002). A DSM-IV-referenced adolescent self-reporting scale. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 41, 671–679.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gadow, K., Devincent, C., Pomeroy, J., & Azizian, A. (2005). Comparison of DSM-IV symptoms in elementary school-age children with PDD versus clinic and community samples. Autism, 9, 392–415.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gillott, A., Furniss, F., & Walter, A. (2001). Anxiety in high-functioning children with autism. Autism, 5, 277–286.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gotham, K., Bishop, S., Hus, V., Huerta, M., Lund, S., Buja, A., & Lord, C. (2013). Exploring the relationship between anxiety and insistence on sameness in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Autism Research, 6, 33–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Groden, J., Diller, A., Bausman, M., Velicer, W., Norman, G., & Cautela, J. (2001). The development of a stress survey schedule for persons with autism and other developmental disabilities. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 31, 207–217.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hurtig, T., Kuusikko, S., Mattila, M.-L., Haapsamo, H., Ebeling, H., Jussila, K., & Moilanen, I. (2009). Multi-informant reports of psychiatric symptoms among high-functioning adolescents with Asperger syndrome or autism. Autism, 13, 583–598.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Insel, T. (2013). Transforming diagnosis. Retrieved May 27, 2013, from www.nimh.nih.gov/about/director/2013/transforming-diagnosis-shtml

  • Kim, J., Szatmari, P., Bryson, S., Streiner, D., & Wilson, F. (2000). The prevalence of anxiety and mood problems among children with autism and Aspergers syndrome. Autism, 4, 117–132.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leyfer, O., Folstein, S., Bacalman, S., Davis, N., Dinh, E., Morgan, J., & Lainhart, J. (2006). Comorbid psychiatric disorders in children with Autism: Interview development and rates of disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 36, 849–861.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lord, C., Risi, S., Lambrecht, L., Cook, E., Leventhal, B., DiLavore, P., & Rutter, M. (2000). The Autism diagnostic observation schedule-generic: a standard measure of social and communication deficits associated with the spectrum of autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 30, 205–223.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • MacNeil, B., Lopes, V., & Minnes, P. (2009). Anxiety in children and adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorders. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 3, 1–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Matson, J., & Nebel-Schwalm, M. (2007). Comorbid psychopathology with autism spectrum disorder in children: An overview. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 28, 341–352.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mattila, M., Hurtig, T., Haapsamo, H., Jussila, K., Kuusikko-Gauffin, S., Kielinen, M., & Moilamem, I. (2010). Comorbid psychiatric disorders associated with Asperger syndrome/high-functionming Autism: A community and clinic-based study. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 40, 1080–1093.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Minshew, N., Turner, C., & Goldstein, G. (2005). The application of short forms of the Wechsler Intelligence scales in adults and children with high functioning autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 35, 45–52.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Montgomery, E. (2008). Self- and parent assessment of mental health: Disagreement on externalizing and internalizing behaviour in young refugees from the Middle East. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 13(1), 49–63. doi:10.1177/1359104507086341.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Renno, R., & Wood, J. (2013). Discriminant and convergent validity of the anxiety construct in children with Autism Spectrum Disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 43, 2135–2146.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Russell, E., & Sofronoff, K. (2005). Anxiety and social worries in children with Asperger syndrome. Australia and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 39, 633–638.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Simonoff, E., Pickles, A., Charman, T., Chandler, S., Loucas, T., & Baird, G. (2008). Psychiatric disorders in children with Autism Spectrum disorders: prevalence, comorbidity, and associated factors in a population-derived sample. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 47(8), 921–929.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Storch, E., Arnold, E., Jones, A., Ale, C., Wood, J., Ehreneich-May, J., & Murphy, T. (2012a). The role of co-occurring disruotive behavior in the clinical presentation of children and adolescents with anxiety in the context of Autism Spectrum Disorders. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 43, 734–746.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Storch, E., Ehrenreich, J., Wood, J., Jones, A., De Nadai, A., Lewin, A., & Murphy, T. (2012b). Multiple informant agreement on the Anxiety disorders interview schedule in youth with Autism Spectrum Disorders. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 22, 292–299.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • van Oort, F., Greaves-Lord, K., Verhulst, F., Ormel, J., & Huizink, A. (2009). The developmental course of anxiety symptoms during adolescence: the TRAILS study. The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 50(1209–1217).

  • van Steensel, F., Bogels, S., & Perrin, S. (2011). Anxiety disorders in children and adolescents with Autistic spectrum disorders: A meta-analysis. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 14, 302–317.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vasa, R., Kalb, L., Mazurek, M., Kanne, S., Freedman, B., Keefer, A., & Murray, D. (2013). Age-related differences in the prevalence and correlates of anxiety in youth with Autism Spectrum Disorders. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 11, 1358–1369.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weisbrot, D., Gadow, K., DeVincent, C., & Pomeroy, J. (2005). The presentation of anxiety in children with Pervasive Developmental Disorders. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 15, 477–496.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • White, S. W., Oswald, D., Ollendick, T., & Scahill, L. (2009). Anxiety in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders. Clinical Psychology Review, 29(3), 216–229. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2009.01.003.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wood, J., & Gadow, K. (2010). Exploring the nature and function of anxiety in youth with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 17, 181–192.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Christopher F. Sharpley.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Bitsika, V., Sharpley, C.F. A Comparison of Self-vs Parent Reports of Generalised Anxiety Disorder Symptomatology Across Six Age Groups for Boys with an ASD. J Dev Phys Disabil 27, 249–261 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10882-014-9413-1

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10882-014-9413-1

Keywords

Navigation