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In Vitro Cancer Cell Imaging, Free Radical Scavenging, and Fe3+ Sensing Activity of Green Synthesized Carbon Dots from Leaves of Piper longum

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Abstract

The development of carbon dots via a green synthesis approach from natural products is one of the most researched areas nowadays. Herein, we present the synthesis of Piper longum leaves-derived aqueous carbon dots (PLACDs) via the simplest ecofriendly hydrothermal carbonization method. The PLACDs exhibited excitation-dependent emission behavior with maximum emission at 450 nm at an excitation wavelength of 365 nm. The High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy results showed a quasi-spherical shape with an average size of 4.121 nm. The sharp diffractions of X-ray diffraction revealed its nanocrystalline property. The Energy Dispersive X-ray spectra reflected the presence of carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen. The Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy disclosed the existence of –OH, –C=C, –C=O, and –C–O–C groups. The PLACDs presented excellent biocompatibility against B16F10 (melanoma) and SiHa (cervical carcinoma) cells lines with concentration-dependent in vitro bioimaging results. It also exhibited antiradical activity with the IC50 value of 0.499 mg/mL and 0.051 mg/mL against DPPH and ABTS.+, respectively. It showed Fe3+ sensing with a lower limit of detection of 0.673 μM. Further, the PLACDs displayed excellent bacterial biocompatibility, pH-dependent fluorescence property, fluorescent ink property, photostability, physical, chemical, and thermal stability.

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Data Availability

All data recorded and generated during this research are included in this article, and some of the data are also supplied as supplementary files.

Code Availability

All the data were produced using MS office package, a 21-day free trial version of Origin Pro 2021 (Microcal Software, Inc., Northampton, Northampton, MA, USA), and ImageJ software (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD).

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Acknowledgements

The authors are thankful to the Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, IIT (BHU); Department of Physics, IIT (BHU); Centre for Genetics Disorders, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, and Central Instrument Facility, IIT (BHU), Varanasi, India for providing infrastructural and instrumental services. The microbiological facilities provided by the Department of Microbiology, IMS (BHU), Varanasi, India, are also greatly acknowledged.

Funding

The financial support for this work was provided as a scholarship to Debadatta Mohapatra by the Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD), Government of India. Author Alakh N. Sahu is thankful to the Department of Biotechnology (DBT), Ministry of Science & Technology, Government of India, New Delhi, India, for providing the funding (Sanction order No. BT/PR25498/NER/95/1223/2017) for exploring phytochemical and pharmacological evaluations of bioactivity guided fractions of medicinal plants of Tripura.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Phytomedicine Research Lab., Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, IIT (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India

    Debadatta Mohapatra, Singh Shreya & Alakh N. Sahu

  2. Department of Physics, IIT (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India

    Ravi Pratap & Avanish S. Parmar

  3. Centre for Genetics Disorders, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India

    Vivek Pandey & Pawan K. Dubey

  4. Gayatri Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Odisha, Gunupur, 765022, India

    Prakash Ch. Senapati

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  1. Debadatta Mohapatra
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Contributions

Debadatta Mohapatra executed most of the experimental works, data collection, processing, analysis, validation, interpretation, and wrote the original manuscript. Ravi Pratap, Vivek Pandey, and Singh Shreya contributed to the experimentation, reviewed, edited, and scientifically modified the manuscript. Alakh N. Sahu, Avanish S. Parmar, Pawan K. Dubey, and Prakash Ch. Senapati contributed to supervision, interpretation of data & concluding the results, technical support, manuscript review, and editing functions.

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Correspondence to Alakh N. Sahu.

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Mohapatra, D., Pratap, R., Pandey, V. et al. In Vitro Cancer Cell Imaging, Free Radical Scavenging, and Fe3+ Sensing Activity of Green Synthesized Carbon Dots from Leaves of Piper longum. J Clust Sci 34, 1269–1290 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10876-022-02303-9

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