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Swift Fabrication of Silver Nanoparticles Using Bougainvillea glabra: Potential Against the Japanese Encephalitis Vector, Culex tritaeniorhynchus Giles (Diptera: Culicidae)

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Abstract

Mosquitoes are the most critical group of insects in the context of public health, since they transmit key parasites and pathogens, causing millions of deaths annually. Culex tritaeniorhynchus is an important vector of Japanese encephalitis (JE) across urban and semi-urban areas of Asia. In this study, we bio-fabricated silver nanoparticles (Ag NP) using the leaf extract of Bougainvillea glabra as reducing and stabilizing agent. The synthesis of Ag NP was confirmed analyzing the excitation of surface Plasmon resonance using ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis) spectrophotometry. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed the clustered and irregular shapes of Ag NP. The presence of silver was determined by energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analysis investigated the identity of secondary metabolites, which may act as Ag NP capping agents. The acute toxicity of B. glabra extract, synthesized Ag NP and a combined treatment testing blends of both mosquitocidals was evaluated against larvae and pupae of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus. B. glabra showed LC50 of 198.93 (larva I), 234.50 (II), 309.18 (III), 371.69 (IV) and 466.09 (pupa) µg/ml, Ag NP LC50 ranged from 7.77 (I) to 19.44 µg/ml (pupa). Combined treatments with B. glabra leaf extract plus 5.12.5 µg/ml of Ag NP lowered the botanical LC50 to 66.09 (I), 76.48 (II), 99.02 (III), 133.43 (IV) and 179.74 µg/ml (IV), respectively. The effectiveness of green-fabricated Ag NP against the JE vector was confirmed in adulticidal tests, as well as evaluating the impact of Ag NP on fecundity and longevity of adult mosquitoes. Lastly, the larvicidal effectiveness of Ag NP was confirmed in the field, treating sewage water bodies. Overall, this study suggests that the green-synthesized Ag NP fabricated using B. glabra can be considered a potential mosquito control device against the JE vector, C. tritaeniorhynchus in Asian regions.

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Acknowledgments

Prof. C. M. Lukehart and three anonymous reviewers kindly improved an earlier version of the manuscript. The authors are thankful to Science Engineering Research Board (SERB), Department of Science and Technology (DST), Govt. of India, New Delhi (SR/FT/LS-156/2012) for providing financial support for the present work. The authors are grateful to Mr. M. Munirathnam, (ICMR, Madurai), Taxonomy and Field Station in Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, for helping in mosquito collection and identifying mosquito species of samples for the experiment work.

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  1. Centre for Environmental Research and Development, P.G. Research & Department of Advanced Zoology and Biotechnology, Loyola College, Chennai, 600 034, Tamil Nadu, India

    Savariar Vincent

  2. Division of Entomology, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India

    Kalimuthu Kovendan, Balamurugan Chandramohan, Siva Kamalakannan, Palanisamy Mahesh Kumar, Jayapal Subramaniam & Kadarkarai Murugan

  3. Department of Zoology, Sri Vasavi College, Erode, 638 316, Tamil Nadu, India

    Chellamuthu Vasugi

  4. Division of Insect Endocrinology, Department of Zoology, University of Calicut, Kerala, 673 635, India

    Cheruparambath Praseeja

  5. Unit of Vector Control, Phytochemistry and Nanotechnology, Department of Zoology, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, 608 002, Tamil Nadu, India

    Marimuthu Govindarajan

  6. Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy

    Giovanni Benelli

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Vincent, S., Kovendan, K., Chandramohan, B. et al. Swift Fabrication of Silver Nanoparticles Using Bougainvillea glabra: Potential Against the Japanese Encephalitis Vector, Culex tritaeniorhynchus Giles (Diptera: Culicidae). J Clust Sci 28, 37–58 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10876-016-1038-3

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