Abstract
In recent times, due to their highly stable and radiation tolerant nature, interest toward feasibility of developing MAX phase-based applications has suddenly surged. In this context, we for the first time report a comprehensive spin-dependent transport study of Cr2AlC@p–Si-based thin film interfacial structure. Phase purity of the fabricated epitaxial Cr2AlC thin film grown by electron-beam deposition was confirmed from structural, vibrational and elemental analysis. Transport studies showed n-type metallic nature of the deposited Cr2AlC films. Low-temperature transport/magnetic measurements across the interface have shown spin-dependent Schottky behavior. Our results demonstrate the potential of Cr2AlC@p–Si as a novel Schottky interfacial structure for the development of more complex device applications.
Graphical abstract
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
Not applicable.
Code availability
Not applicable.
References:
Shah SH, Bristowe PD (2017) Point defect formation in M2AlC (M = Zr, Cr) MAX phases and their tendency to disorder and amorphize. Sci Rep 7:9667. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-10273-6
Tunes MA, Imtyazuddin M, Kainz C, Pogatscher S, Vishnyakov VM (2021) Deviating from the pure MAX phase concept: radiation-tolerant nanostructured dual-phase Cr2AlC. Sci Adv 7:eabf6771. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf6771
Li X, Wang S, Wu G et al (2022) Oxidation and hot corrosion behaviors of MAX-phase Ti3SiC2, Ti2AlC, Cr2AlC. Ceram Int 48:26618–26628. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2022.05.356
Zou X, Zhang Z, Song S, Wang X, Joardar J, Reddy KM (2022) High strength and plasticity in Cr-Al-C composite. Mater Sci Eng A 835:142684. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2022.142684
Duong TC, Talapatra A, Son W, Radovic M, Arroyave R (2017) On the stochastic phase stability of Ti2AlC-Cr2AlC. Sci Rep 7:5138. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-05463-1
Shahroudi F, Ghasemi B, Abdolahpour H, Razavi M (2022) Sintering behavior of Cr2AlC MAX phase synthesized by Spark plasma sintering. Int J Appl Ceram Technol 19:1309–1318. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijac.13995
Barsoum MW (2000) The MN+1AXN phases: a new class of solids: thermodynamically stable nanolaminates. Prog Solid State Ch 28:201–281. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0079-6786(00)00006-6
Michel WB, Miladin R (2011) Elastic and mechanical properties of the max phases. Annu Rev Mater Res 41:195–227. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-matsci-062910-100448
Radovic M, Barsoum M (2013) MAX phases: bridging the gap between metals and ceramics MAX phases: bridging the gap between metals and ceramics. Am Ceram Soc Bull 92:20–27
Xing G, Wan H, Deng C et al (2022) Thermal stability and selective nitridation of Cr2AlC in nitrogen at elevated temperatures. Ceram Int 48:33151–33159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2022.07.252
Magnus C, Cooper D, Jantzen C, Lambert H, Abram T, Rainforth M (2021) Synthesis and high temperature corrosion behaviour of nearly monolithic Ti3AlC2 MAX phase in molten chloride salt. Corros Sci 182:109193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2020.109193
Wang Z, Ma G, Liu L et al (2020) High-performance Cr2AlC MAX phase coatings: oxidation mechanisms in the 900–1100 °C temperature range. Corros Sci 167:108492. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2020.108492
Tabares E, Kitzmantel M, Neubauer E, Morales AJ, Tsipas SA (2022) Extrusion-based additive manufacturing of Ti3SiC2 and Cr2AlC MAX phases as candidates for high temperature heat exchangers. J Eur Ceram Soc 42:841–849. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2021.10.042
Wang Z, Wang C, Zhang Y, Wang A, Ke P (2022) M-site solid solution of vanadium enables the promising mechanical and high-temperature tribological properties of Cr2AlC coating. Mater Des 222:111060. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2022.111060
Guo Y, Song Y, Wen J et al (2022) Evaluation of microwave absorption performance of annealed Cr2AlC at different temperatures. ECS J Solid State Sci Technol 11:103013. https://doi.org/10.1149/2162-8777/ac95c7
Liu F, Cao H, Li H et al (2022) Effect of annealing on the microstructure, mechanical and electrochemical properties of CrAlC coatings. Surf Coat Technol 447:128800. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2022.128800
Hajas DE, Baben M, Hallstedt B, Iskandar R, Mayer J, Schneider JM (2011) Oxidation of Cr2AlC coatings in the temperature range of 1230 to 1410 °C. Surf Coat Technol 206:591–598. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2011.03.086
Ingason AS, Dahlqvist M, Rosen J (2016) Magnetic MAX phases from theory and experiments; a review. J Condens Matter Phys 28:433003. https://doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/28/43/433003
Schneider JM, Sun Z, Mertens R, Uestel F, Ahuja R (2004) Ab initio calculations and experimental determination of the structure of Cr2AlC. Solid State Commun 130:445–449. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssc.2004.02.047
Ramzan M, Lebègue S, Ahuja R (2011) Correlation effects in the electronic and structural properties of Cr2AlC. Phys Status Solidi RRL 5:122–124. https://doi.org/10.1002/pssr.201004508
Jaouen M, Bugnet M, Jaouen N et al (2014) Experimental evidence of Cr magnetic moments at low temperature in Cr2A(A=Al, Ge)C. J Condens Matter Phys 26:176002. https://doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/26/17/176002
Jaouen M, Chartier P, Cabioc’h T, Mauchamp V, André G, Viret M (2013) Invar like behavior of the Cr2AlC MAX phase at low temperature. J Am Ceram Soc 96:3872–3876. https://doi.org/10.1111/jace.12635
Mockute A, Dahlqvist M, Emmerlich J et al (2013) Synthesis and ab initio calculations of nanolaminated (Cr, Mn)2AlC compounds. Phys Rev B 87:094113. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.87.094113
Mockute A, Persson POA, Magnus F et al (2014) Synthesis and characterization of arc deposited magnetic (Cr, Mn)2AlC MAX phase films. Phys Status Solidi RRL 8:420–423. https://doi.org/10.1002/pssr.201409087
Dahlqvist M, Alling B, Abrikosov IA, Rosen J (2011) Magnetic nanoscale laminates with tunable exchange coupling from first principles. Phys Rev B 84:220403. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.84.220403
Hettinger JD, Lofland SE, Finkel P et al (2005) Electrical transport, thermal transport, and elastic properties of M2AlC (M=Ti, Cr, Nb, and V). Phys Rev B 72:115120. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.72.115120
Stevens M, Pazniak H, Jemiola A, Felek M, Farle M, Wiedwald U (2021) Pulsed laser deposition of epitaxial Cr2lC MAX phase thin films on MgO(111) and Al2O3(0001). Mater Res Lett 9:343–349. https://doi.org/10.1080/21663831.2021.1920510
Lin S, Tong P, Wang BS et al (2013) Magnetic and electrical/thermal transport properties of Mn-doped Mn+1AXn phase compounds Cr2-xMnxGaC (0 <= x <= 1). J Appl Phys 113:053502. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4789954
Liu Z, Waki T, Tabata Y, Yuge K, Nakamura H, Watanabe I (2013) Magnetic ground state of the Mn+1AX n-phase nitride Cr2GaN. Phys Rev B 88:134401. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11664-013-2882-7
Stelzer B, Chen X, Bliem P et al (2019) Remote tracking of phase changes in Cr2AlC thin films by in-situ resistivity measurements. Sci Rep 9:8266. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-44692-4
Schuster JC, Nowotny H, Vaccaro C (1980) The ternary systems: CrAlC, VAlC, and TiAlC and the behavior of H-phases (M2AlC). J Solid State Chem 32:213–219. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-4596(80)90569-1
Kumar A, Srivastava PC (2014) Electronic and magneto-transport across the Heusler alloy (Co2FeAl)/p–Si interfacial structure. J Electron Mater 43:381–388. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11664-013-2882-7
Spanier JE, Gupta S, Amer M, Barsoum MW (2005) Vibrational behavior of the Mn+1AXn phases from first-order Raman scattering (M=Ti, V, Cr, A=Si, X=C, N). Phys Rev B 71:012103. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.71.012103
Vishnyakov V, Crisan O, Dobrosz P, Colligon JS (2014) Ion sputter-deposition and in-air crystallisation of Cr2AlC films. Vacuum 100:61–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vacuum.2013.07.045
Davis D, Singh S, Chakradhar RPS, Srivastava M (2020) Tribo-mechanical properties of HVOF-sprayed NiMoAl-Cr2AlC composite coatings. J Therm Spray Technol 29:1763–1783. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11666-020-01069-8
Sharma P, Pandey OP (2019) Non-isothermal oxidation kinetics of nano-laminated Cr2AlC MAX phase. J Alloys Compd 773:872–882. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.09.326
Wang SC, Lin HT, Nayak PK, Chang SY, Huang JL (2010) Carbothermal reduction process for synthesis of nanosized chromium carbide via metal-organic vapor deposition. Thin Solid Films 518:7360–7365. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2010.05.001
Mullet M, Demoisson F, Humbert B, Michot LJ, Vantelon D (2007) Aqueous Cr (VI) reduction by pyrite: Speciation and characterisation of the solid phases by X-ray photoelectron, Raman and X-ray absorption spectroscopies. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 71:3257–3271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2006.09.008
Zamulaeva EI, Levashov EA, Skryleva EA, Sviridova TA, Korneev KPV (2016) Conditions for formation of MAX phase Cr2AlC in electrospark coatings deposited onto titanium alloy. Surf Coat Technol 298:15–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2016.04.058
Agostinelli E, Battistoni C, Fiorani D, Mattogno G, Nogues M (1989) An XPS study of the electronic structure of the ZnxCd1−xCr2(X = S, Se) spinel system. J Phys Chem Solids 50:269–272. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3697(89)90487-3
Wagner CD, Passoja DE, Hillery HF et al (1982) Auger and photoelectron line energy relationships in aluminum–oxygen and silicon–oxygen compounds. J Vac Sci Technol A 21:933–944. https://doi.org/10.1116/1.571870
Abdelkader AM (2016) Molten salts electrochemical synthesis of Cr2AlC. J Eur Ceram Soc 36:33–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2015.09.003
Eklund P, Beckers M, Jansson U, Högberg H, Hultman L (2010) The Mn+1AXn phases: materials science and thin-film processing. Thin Solid Films 518:1851–1878. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2009.07.184
Rackl T, Johrendt D (2020) The MAX phase borides Zr2SB and Hf2SB. Solid State Sci 106:106316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solidstatesciences.2020.106316
Scabarozi TH, Amini S, Finkel P et al (2008) Electrical, thermal, and elastic properties of the MAX-phase Ti2SC. J Appl Phys 104:033502. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2959738
Tian W, Wang P, Zhang G, Kan Y, Li Y, Yan D (2006) Synthesis and thermal and electrical properties of bulk Cr2AlC. Scr Mater 54:841–846. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2005.11.009
Ying G, He X, Li M, Du S, Han W, He F (2011) Effect of Cr7C3 on the mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties of Cr2AlC. J Alloys Compd 509:8022–8027. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2011.04.134
Zhou W, Mei B, Zhu J (2009) On the synthesis and properties of bulk ternary Cr2AlC ceramics. Mater Sci Pol 24:973–981
Alialy S, Tecimer H, Uslu H, Altindal S (2017) A comparative study on electrical characteristics of Au/N-Si Schottky diodes, with and without Bi-doped Pva interfacial layer in dark and under illumination at room temperature. J Nanomed Nanotech 4:1000167. https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7439.1000167
Demirezen S, Altındal S, Uslu I (2013) Two diodes model and illumination effect on the forward and reverse bias I-V and C–V characteristics of Au/PVA (Bi-doped)/n-Si photodiode at room temperature. Curr Appl Phys 13:53–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cap.2012.06.009
Rhoderick EH, Williams RH (1998) Metal-semiconductor contacts. Clarendon, Oxford
Ze SM (1998) Physics of semiconductor devices. John wiley & sons, New York
Hamm CM, Bocarsly JD, Seward G, Kramm UI, Birkel CS (2017) Non-conventional synthesis and magnetic properties of MAX phases (Cr/Mn)2AlC and (Cr/Fe)2AlC. J Mater Chem C 5:5700–5708. https://doi.org/10.1039/C7TC00112F
Siebert JP, Bischoff L, Lepple M et al (2019) Sol-gel based synthesis and enhanced processability of MAX phase Cr2GaC. J Mater Chem C 7:6034–6040. https://doi.org/10.1039/C9TC01416K
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, India through Post-Doctoral fellowship [Grant No: OH-31-22-609-414]. Authors acknowledge Department of Physics, Banaras Hindu University, India for providing necessary support for sample fabrication and transport measurements and UGC, DAE Consortium, Indore, India for magnetic measurements. The author would also like to thank Prof. Tashi Nautiyal, Department of Physics, IIT Roorkee for her careful reading, suggestions and useful comments on the manuscript.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
On behalf of all authors, the corresponding authors state that there is no conflict of interest.
Ethical approval
Not applicable.
Additional information
Handling Editor: David Cann.
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Patel, P.C., Mishra, P.K. & Kandpal, H.C. Study of MAX phase based Schottky interfacial structure: the case of electron-beam deposited epitaxial Cr2AlC film on p–Si (100). J Mater Sci 58, 4041–4053 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-023-08286-w
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-023-08286-w