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Graphene oxide/polyethylene glycol aerogel reinforced with grape seed extracts as wound dressing

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Abstract

In this study, graphene oxide (GO) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) composite aerogels were developed by non-covalent interactions, and then, grape seed extracts (Ex), high in proanthocyanidins (PAs), were incorporated into these materials to evaluate their hemostatic performance. The morphology, chemical features, surface charge, aerogel/blood cell interactions, absorption and blood coagulation capacity, cytotoxicity and extract release from the aerogels were investigated. The aerogels showed heterogeneous porous structures capable of absorbing more than 20 times their weight when in contact with fresh human blood and water. No significant differences were observed in the physical properties of the aerogels with the inclusion of grape seed extracts. However, the effects of this natural compound were favorable to blood coagulation clotting, increasing the coagulated blood content from 77% to 84% for GO-PEG and GO-PEG/Ex aerogels after 30 s of reaction, respectively. The aerogel/blood cell interactions demonstrated the adhesion of red blood cells (RBCs) and leukocytes on the aerogel’s surface, these interactions being favored by the inclusion of grape extracts on GO-PEG matrices. The aerogels showed proliferative effects on human dermal fibroblast cells, which could be associated with the presence of PEG and PAs in their matrices. Finally, the PAs release studies from the GO-PEG/Ex aerogel matrix showed that a combined mechanism of Fickian and non-Fickian diffusion governed these release processes. This study provides a new material whose hemocompatibility properties and phytodrug release ability support its application as a hemostatic device.

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Funding

We thank FONDECYT-Chile (Project No. 1170681) for the financial support for this investigation. Jessica Borges-Vilches thanks the National Research and Development Agency (ANID) for the Doctorate in Chemical Engineering (UdeC) scholarship ANID-PFCHA/National Doctorate 21180288.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory of Biomaterials, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile

    Jessica Borges-Vilches, Javiera Poblete, Fernando Gajardo & Katherina Fernández

  2. Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile

    Claudio Aguayo

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  1. Jessica Borges-Vilches
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  2. Javiera Poblete
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  3. Fernando Gajardo
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Contributions

JB-V and JP were involved in conceptualization, investigation, methodology, formal analysis of results and writing—original draft. FG helped in investigation and methodology. CA contributed to investigation, methodology and supervision. KF was involved in conceptualization, supervision, visualization and writing—review & editing, project administration.

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Correspondence to Katherina Fernández.

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Appendix 1: Supplementary information

The methodology and operation parameters used in the physicochemical characterization of all the materials are reported here. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Raman analysis and surface charge measurements were performed. The total phenol content, degree of polymerization (mDP), structural composition and molecular weight distribution of the País grape seed extracts were determined.

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Borges-Vilches, J., Poblete, J., Gajardo, F. et al. Graphene oxide/polyethylene glycol aerogel reinforced with grape seed extracts as wound dressing. J Mater Sci 56, 16082–16096 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-021-06297-z

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