Abstract
Porous titanium scaffolds with centrosymmetric pore channels in the radial direction were fabricated by freeze-casting, and TiH2/H2O slurries with different TiH2 contents (20, 25, and 30 vol.%) were cast in a cylindrical metal mold. The cold sources at the bottom and side of the metal mold caused ice crystals to grow radially. The lamellar channels of the porous titanium scaffolds were arranged in centrosymmetric regular channels in the radial axis and afforded the higher radial fracture loading than that of porous titanium prepared by conventional unidirectional freezing. As load-bearing artificial implants, porous titanium scaffolds require high strength in other directions aside from the axial axis. The centrosymmetric regular pore channels can satisfy the clinical demands and improve the security in practical applications, particularly on organisms. The porous scaffold prepared by this method had no toxicity and had good biocompatibility.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Xiang L, Wang C, Zhang W et al (2009) Fabrication and characterization of porous Ti6Al4 V parts for biomedical applications using electron beam melting process. Mater Lett 63:403–405
Huiskes R (1993) Stress shielding and bone resorption in THA: clinical versus computer-simulation studies. Acta Orthop Belg 59:118–129
Bose S, Roy M, Bandyopadhyay A (2012) Recent advances in bone tissue engineering scaffolds. Trends Biotechnol 30(10):546–554
Park JB, Fung YC (2007) Biomaterials: an introduction. J Biomech Eng 102:161–229
Wang C, Chen H, Zhu X et al (2017) An improved polymeric sponge replication method for biomedical porous titanium scaffolds. Mater Sci Eng C 70:1192–1199
Ahn MK, Lee JB, Koh YH et al (2016) Rapid direct deposition of TiH2, paste for porous Ti scaffolds with tailored porous structures and mechanical properties. Mater Chem Phys 176:104–109
Chen YJ, Feng B, Zhu YP et al (2009) Fabrication of porous titanium implants with biomechanical compatibility. Mater Lett 63:2659–2661
Arifvianto B, Leeflang MA, Zhou J (2015) The compression behaviors of titanium/carbamide powder mixtures in the preparation of biomedical titanium scaffolds with the space holder method. Powder Technol 284:112–121
Chen Y, Frith JE, Dehghanmanshadi A et al (2017) Mechanical properties and biocompatibility of porous titanium scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 75:169–174
Liu J, Ruan J, Lin C et al (2017) Porous Nb–Ti–Ta alloy scaffolds for bone tissue engineering: fabrication, mechanical properties and in vitro/vivo biocompatibility. Mater Sci Eng C 78:503–512
Ryan GE, Pandit AS, Apatsidis DP (2008) Porous titanium scaffolds fabricated using a rapid prototyping and powder metallurgy technique. Biomaterials 29:3625–3635
Torres-Sanchez C, Fra AM, Norrito M et al (2017) The effect of pore size and porosity on mechanical properties and biological response of porous titanium scaffolds. Mater Sci Eng C 77:219–228
Han L, Wang M, Sun H et al (2017) Porous titanium scaffolds with self-assembled micro/nano hierarchical structure for dual functions of bone regeneration and anti-infection. J Biomed Mater Res 105:1–14
Deville S (2010) Freeze-casting of porous ceramics: a review of current achievements and issues. Adv Eng Mater 10:155–169
Deville S, Saiz E, Tomsia AP (2006) Freeze casting of hydroxyapatite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. Biomaterials 27:480–5489
Deville S, Saiz E, Nalla RK, Tomsia AP (2006) Freezing as a path to build complex composites. Science 311:515–518
Munch E, Saiz E, Tomsia AP et al (2009) Architectural control of freeze-cast ceramics through additives and templating. J Am Ceram Soc 92:534–1539
Tang Y, Qiu S, Miao Q et al (2016) Fabrication of lamellar porous alumina with axisymmetric structure by directional solidification with applied electric and magnetic fields. J Eur Ceram Soc 36:1233–1240
Tang Y, Qiu S, Wu C et al (2016) Freeze cast fabrication of porous ceramics using tert-butyl alcohol–water crystals as template. J Eur Ceram Soc 36:1513–1518
Zhang R, Han B, Fang D et al (2015) Porous Y2SiO5, ceramics with a centrosymmetric structure produced by freeze casting. Ceram Int 41:11517–11522
Tang Y, Miao Q, Qiu S et al (2014) Novel freeze-casting fabrication of aligned lamellar porous alumina with a centrosymmetric structure. J Eur Ceram Soc 34:4077–4082
Liu R, Yuan J, Wang CA (2013) A novel way to fabricate tubular porous mullite membrane supports by TBA-based freezing casting method. J Eur Ceram Soc 33:3249–3256
Li JC, Dunand DC (2011) Mechanical properties of directionally freeze-cast titanium foams. Acta Mater 59:146–158
Lee H, Jang TS, Song J et al (2016) Multi-scale porous Ti6Al4V scaffolds with enhanced strength and biocompatibility formed via dynamic freeze-casting coupled with micro-arc oxidation. Mater Lett 185:21–24
Torres-Sanchez C, McLaughlin J, Bonallo R (2018) Effect of pore size, morphology and orientation on the bulk stiffness of a porous Ti35Nb4Sn alloy. J Mater Eng Perform 27:2899–2909
Bert CW (1985) Prediction of elastic moduli of solids with oriented porosity. J Mater Sci 20:2220–2224. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01112307
Tuncer N, Arslan G, Maire E et al (2011) Influence of cell aspect ratio on architecture and compressive strength of titanium foams. Mater Sci Eng A 528:7368–7374
Liu X, Xue W, Shi C et al (2015) Fully interconnected porous Al2O3 scaffolds prepared by a fast cooling freeze casting method. Ceram Int 41:11922–11926
Donachie MJJ (2000) Titanium-a technical guide. ASM International, Geauga
Jorgensen DJ, Dunand DC (2011) Structure and mechanical properties of Ti–6Al–4V with a replicated network of elongated pores. Acta Mater 59:640–650
Tang Y, Qiu S, Miao Q et al (2017) Fabrication of lamellar porous alumina with regular structure via directional solidification with multiple cold sources. J Porous Mater 25:1–8
Lasalle Audrey, Guizard Christian, Maire Eric et al (2012) Particle redistribution and structural defect development during ice templating. Acta Mater 60:4594–4603
Asthana R, Tewari SN (1993) The engulfment of foreign particles by a freezing interface. J Mater Sci 28:5414–5425. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00367810
Long M, Rack HJ (1998) Titanium alloys in total joint replacement—a materials science perspective. Biomaterials 19:1621–1639
Maehara K, Doi K, Matsushita T et al (2002) Application of vanadium-free titanium alloys to artificial hip joints. Mater Trans 43:2936–2942
Elhajje A, Kolos EC, Wang JK et al (2014) Physical and mechanical characterisation of 3D-printed porous titanium for biomedical applications. J Mater Sci Mater Med 25:2471–2480. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10856-014-5277-2
Gibson LJ, Ashby MF (1997) Cellular solid: structure and properties. Pergamon Press, Oxford
Shao L, Gu Z, Zhou XZ, Zheng JJ (2014) Effects of pore shape and arrangement on the elastic modulus of porous materials. Bull Sci Technol 30:122–125
Ryan G, Pandit A, Apatsidis DP (2006) Fabrication methods of porous metals for use in orthopaedic applications. Biomaterials 27:2651–2670
Han C, Li Y, Wang Q et al (2018) Continuous functionally graded porous titanium scaffolds manufactured by selective laser melting for bone implants. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 80:119–127
Cachinho SC, Correia RN (2008) Titanium scaffolds for osteointegration: mechanical, in vitro and corrosion behavior. J Mater Sci Mater Med 19:451–457. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10856-006-0052-7
Jung HD, Yook SW, Jang TS et al (2013) Dynamic freeze casting for the production of porous titanium (Ti) scaffolds. Mater Sci Eng C 33:59–63
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to acknowledge the support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51572217), the National Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province (No. 2016JQ5058) and China Postdoctoral Science special Foundation (No. 2016T90937). Thanks to the Department of Orthopaedics in The Fourth Military Medical University for supplying the cells for the MTT cytotoxicity test.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The named authors have no conflict of interest, financial or otherwise.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Mao, M., Tang, Y., Zhao, K. et al. Fabrication of porous titanium scaffolds with centrosymmetric pore channels and improved radial fracture loading. J Mater Sci 54, 3527–3535 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-018-3067-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-018-3067-9