Abstract
Poly(pyrrole-co-formylpyrrole), P(Py-co-FPy) was prepared on poly(4-styrenesulfonate acid) (PSS) using layer-by-layer (LBL) self-assembly process in the presence of trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) through straightforward chemical polymerization. The P(Py-co-FPy) and PSS multilayer contained homogeneous particulate surfaces with a hierarchical porous structure, depending on the number of layers and the PSS concentration. The layer cycles gave rise to increased electrical conductivity from 2.8 × 10−4 S/cm at 2 layers to 3.2 × 10−3 S/cm at 10 layers, implying the benefit of the doping effect of the sulfonic group on the improvement of electrical conductivity for multilayer films. The electrostatic interaction between the P(Py-co-FPy) and the PSS layer was confirmed from UV–visible spectra. It is enhanced by the number of layers and PSS concentration. Cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance measurements showed that the electrochemical capacitance of those multilayer films is influenced by the increase of the number of layers and the PSS concentration, suggesting that the multilayer film morphology affects the electrochemical behavior.
Graphical Abstract
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Mike JF, Lutkenhaus JL (2013) Recent advances in conjugated polymer energy storage. J Polym Sci B 51:468–480
Du HY, Wang J, Yao PJ, Hao YW, Li XG (2013) Preparation of modified MWCNTs-doped PANI nanorods by oxygen plasma and their ammonia-sensing properties. J Mater Sci 48:3597–3604. doi:10.1007/s10853-013-7157-4
Zhou CF, Kumar S, Doyle CD, Tour JM (2005) Functionalized single wall carbon nanotubes treated with pyrrole for electrochemical supercapacitor membranes. Chem Mater 17:1997–2002
Zhang J, Kong LB, Li H, Luo YC, Kang L (2010) Synthesis of polypyrrole film by pulse galvanostatic method and its application as supercapacitor electrode materials. J Mater Sci 45:1947–1954. doi:10.1007/s10853-009-4186-0
Lu XF, Zhang W, Wang C, Wen TC, Wei Y (2011) One-dimensional conducting polymer nanocomposites: synthesis, properties and applications. Prog Polym Sci 36:671–712
Wang LX, Li XG, Yang YL (2001) Preparation, properties and applications of polypyrroles. React Funct Polym 47:125–139
Kaplin DA, Qutubuddin S (1995) Electrochemically synthesized polypyrrole film: effects of polymerization potential and electrolyte type. Polymer 36:1275–1286
Jradi K, Bideau B, Chabot B, Daneault C (2012) Characterization of conductive composite films based on TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofibers and polypyrrole. J Mater Sci 47:3752–3762. doi:10.1007/s10853-011-6226-9
Liu Y, Wang H, Zhou J, Bian L, Zhu E, Hai J, Tang J, Tang W (2013) Graphene/polypyrrole intercalating nanocomposites as supercapacitors electrode. Electrochim Acta 112:44–52
Ai H, Gao J (2004) Size-controlled polyelectrolyte nanocapsules via layer-by-layer self-assembly. J Mater Sci 39:1429–1432. doi:10.1023/B:JMSC.0000013910.63194.db
Gesquière A, Jonkheijm P, Hoeben FJM, Schenning APHJ, De Feyter S, De Schryver FC, Meijer EW (2004) 2D-Structures of quadruple hydrogen bonded oligo(p-phenylenevinylene)s on graphite: self-assembly behavior and expression of chirality. Nano Lett 4:1175–1179
Manna U, Dhar J, Nayak R, Patil S (2010) Multilayer single-component thin films and microcapsules via covalent bonded layer-by-layer self-assembly. Chem Comm 46:2250–2252
Fou AC, Rubner MF (1995) Molecular-level processing of conjugated polymers. 2. Layer-by-layer manipulation of in–situ polymerized p–type doped conducting polymers. Macromolecules 28:7115–7120
Ferreira M, Cheung JH, Rubner MF (1994) Molecular self-assembly of conjugated polyions: a new process for fabricating multilayer thin film heterostructures. Thin Solid Films 244:806–809
Lowack K, Helm CA (1998) Molecular mechanisms controlling the self-assembly process of polyelectrolyte multilayers. Macromolecules 31:823–833
Simoes FR, Marchesi LFQP, Pocrifka LA, Pereira EC (2011) Investigation of electrochemical degradation process in polyaniline/polystyrene sulfonated self-assembly films by impedance spectroscopy. J Phys Chem B 115:11092–11097
Lee J, Ryu J, Youn HJ (2012) Conductive paper through LbL multilayering with conductive polymer: dominant factors to increase electrical conductivity. Cellulose 19:2153–2164
Feng X, Yan Z, Li R, Liu X, Hou W (2013) The synthesis of shape-controlled polypyrrole/graphene and the study of its capacitance properties. Polym Bull 70:2291–2304
Schrote K, Frey MW (2013) Effect of irradiation on poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): poly(styrenesulfonate) nanofiber conductivity. Polymer 54:737–742
Mihranyan A, Esmaeili M, Razaq A, Alexeichik D, Lindstrom T (2012) Influence of the nanocellulose raw material characteristics on the electrochemical and mechanical properties of conductive paper electrodes. J Mater Sci 47:4463–4472. doi:10.1007/s10853-012-6305-6
Hoshina Y, Kabayashi T (2012) Electrically conductive films made of pyrrole-formyl pyrrole by straightforward chemical copolymerization. Ind Eng Chem Res 51:5961–5966
Tagaya M, Hoshina Y, Ogawab N, Takeguchic M, Kobayashia T (2013) Nanostructural analysis of self-standing pyrrole/2-formylpyrrole copolymer. Micron 46:22–26
Hong H, Davidov D, Avany Y, Chayet H, Faraggi EZ, Neumann R (1995) Electroluminescence, photoluminescence and X-ray reflectivity studies of self-assembled ultra-thin films. Adv Mater 7:846–849
Ram MK, Salerno M, Adami M, Faraci P, Nicolini C (1999) Physical properties of polyaniline films: assembled by the layer-by-layer technique. Langmuir 15:1252–1259
Xie YB, Du HG (2012) Electrochemical capacitance performance of polypyrrole–titania nanotube hybrid. J Solid State Electrochem 16:2683–2689
Chen NP, Hong LA (2001) A study on polypyrrole-coated polystyrene sulfonic acid microspheres—a proton electrolyte. Eur Polym J 37:1027–1035
Li D, Ding WY, Wang X, Lu L, Yang XJ (2001) Modifying substrate surfaces with self-assembled polyelectrolyte layers to promote the formation of uniform polypyrrole films. Appl Surf Sci 183:259–263
Qu L, Shi G (2004) Hollow microstructures of polypyrrole doped by poly(styrene sulfonic acid). J Polym Sci A 42:3170–3177
Dominis AJ, Spinks GM, Kane-Maguire LAP, Wallace GGA (2002) A de-doping/re-doping study of organic soluble polyaniline. Synth Met 129:165–172
Wang K, Hoshina Y, Cao Y, Kabayashi T (2013) Novel metal-like luster conductive Film made of pyrrole and furfural in straightforward chemical copolymerization in straightforward chemical copolymerization. Ind Eng Chem Res 52:2762–2771
Fan LZ, Hu YS, Maier J, Adelhelm P, Smarsly B, Antonietti M (2007) High electroactivity of polyaniline in supercapacitors by using a hierarchically porous carbon monolith as a support. Adv Funct Mater 17:3083–3087
Mostany J, Scharifker BR (1997) Impedance spectroscopy of undoped, doped and overoxidized polypyrrole films. Synth Met 87:179–185
Chen H, Guo LH, Ferhan AR, Kim DH (2011) Multilayered polypyrrole-coated carbon nanotubes to improve functional stability and electrical properties of neural electrodes. J Phys Chem C 115:5492–5499
Ren XM, Pickup PG (1996) Impedance spectroscopy of polypyrrole/poly (styrenesulphonate) composites. Simultaneous anion and cation transport. J Electrochim Acta 41:1877–1882
Suppes GM, Deore BA, Freund MS (2008) Porous conducting polymer/heteropolyoxometalate hybrid material for electrochemical supercapacitor applications. Langmuir 24:1064–1069
Menshykau D, Streeter I, Compton RG (2008) Influence of electrode roughness on cyclic voltammetry. J Phys Chem C 112:14428–14438
Douglass JEF, Driscoll PE, Liu D, Burnham NA, Lambert CR, McGimpsey WG (2008) Effect of electrode roughness on the capacitive behavior of self-assembled monolayers. Anal Chem 80:7670–7677
Jiang L, Yan JW, Xue R, Hao LX, Jiang L, Sun GQ, Yi BL (2014) Hierarchically porous carbons with partially graphitized structures for high rate supercapacitors. J Mater Sci 49:363–370. doi:10.1007/s10853-013-7713-y
Yang C, Liu P, Wang T (2011) Well-defined core-shell carbon black/polypyrrole nanocomposites for electrochemical energy storage. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 3:1109–1114
Li NT, Tang SC, Dai YM, Meng XK (2014) The synthesis of graphene oxide nanostructures for supercapacitors: a simple route. J Mater Sci 49:2802–2809. doi:10.1007/s10853-013-7986-1
Marchesi L, Simoes FR, Pocrifka LA, Pereira EC (2011) Investigation of polypyrrole degradation using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. J Phys Chem B115:9570–9575
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Wang, K., Cao, Y., Tagaya, M. et al. Electrochemical capacitance of poly(pyrrole-co-formylpyrrole)/sulfonated polystyrene layer-by-layer assembled multilayer films. J Mater Sci 49, 5746–5756 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-014-8293-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-014-8293-1