Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

The importance of hidden diversity for insect conservation: a case study in hoverflies (the Merodon atratus complex, Syrphidae, Diptera)

  • ORIGINAL PAPER
  • Published:
Journal of Insect Conservation Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Cryptic species represent a large component of hidden biodiversity. Some cryptic taxa require specific climate and habitat conditions and have limited dispersal abilities. In order to assess the importance of cryptic species and to minimize future loss of biodiversity, we modelled the current and future distribution of the Merodon atratus (Oldenberg, 1919) species complex, once thought to be a single species, and compared it with species distribution models for each of the three cryptic species within the complex (M. atratus, M. balkanicus Šašić, Ačanski et Vujić, 2016, M. virgatus Vujić et Radenković, 2016). Additionally, we compared environmental niche models for each cryptic species. We then tested the capability of nationally designated protected areas to encompass the species complex and each cryptic species of the complex. We conclude that although cryptic species of the M. atratus complex exhibit high levels of morphological similarity, they will respond differently to global climate change, requiring tailored particular conservation strategies. Overall, the species complex will drastically decrease its range and retreat to the Alps. More specifically, each cryptic species requires specific environmental conditions and will react differently to climate change. These results contribute to the establishment of a conservation status for these newly discovered species and their conservation management, particularly for M. balkanicus that is projected to go extinct due to global warming.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Ačanski J, Vujić A, Đan M, Obreht Vidaković D, Ståhls G, Radenković S (2016) Defining species boundaries in the Merodon avidus complex (Diptera, Syrphidae) using integrative taxonomy, with the description of a new species. Eur J Taxon 237:1–25. https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2016.237

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ačanski J, Miličić M, Likov L, Milić D, Radenković S, Vujić A (2017) Environmental niche divergence of species from Merodon ruficornis group (Diptera: Syrphidae). Arch Biol Sci 69(2):247–259. https://doi.org/10.2298/ABS160303095A

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aguirre-Gutierrez J, Kissling WD, Biesmeijer JC, WallisDeVries MF, Reemer M, Carvalheiro LG (2017) Historical changes in the importance of climate and land use as determinants of Dutch pollinator distributions. J Biogeogr 44:696–707. https://doi.org/10.1111/jbi.12937

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Andrić A, Šikoparija B, Obreht D, Djan M, Preradović J, Radenković S, Pérez-Banon S, Vujić A (2014) DNA barcoding applied: identifying the larva of Merodon avidus (Diptera: Syrphidae). Acta Entomol Musei Natl Pragae 54(2):741–757

    Google Scholar 

  • Araújo MB, Luoto M (2007) The importance of biotic interactions for modelling species distributions under climate change. Glob Ecol Biogeogr 16:743–753. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-8238.2007.00359.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Araújo MB, Pearson RG, Thuiller W, Erhard M (2005) Validation of species-climate impact models under climate change. Glob Chang Biol 11:1504–1513. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.001000.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Araújo M, Alagador D, Cabeza M, Nogués-Bravo D, Thuiller W (2011) Climate change threatens European conservation areas. Ecol Lett 14:484–492. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2011.01610.x

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Barriopedro D, Fischer EM, Luterbacher J, Trigo RM, García-Herrera R (2011) The hot summer of 2010: redrawing the temperature record map of Europe. Science 332:220–224. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1201224

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bellard C, Bertelsmeier C, Leadley P, Thuiller W, Courchamp F (2012) Impact of climate change on the future of biodiversity. Ecol Lett 15:365–377. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2011.01736.x

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bickford D, Lohman DJ, Sodhi NS, Ng PKL, Meier R, Winker K, Ingram KK, Das I (2007) Cryptic species as a window on diversity and conservation. Trends Ecol Evol 22:148–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2006.11.004

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bosso L, Rebelo H, Garonna AP, Russo D (2013) Modelling geographic distribution and detecting conservation gaps in Italy for the threatened beetle Rosalia alpina. J Nat Conserv 21(2):72–80

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carvalho SB, Brito JC, Crespo EJ, Possingham H (2010) From climate change predictions to actions—conserving vulnerable animal groups in hotspots at a regional scale. Glob Chang Biol 16:3257–3270. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02212.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ceballos G, Ehrlich PR (2009) Discoveries of new mammal species and their implications for conservation and ecosystem services. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106:3841–3846

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ceballos G, García A, Ehrlich PR (2010) The sixth extinction crisis: loss of animal populations and species. J Cosmol 8:1821–1831

    Google Scholar 

  • Ceballos G, Ehrlich PR, Barnosky AD, García A, Pringle RM, Palmer TM (2015) Accelerated modern human-induced species losses: entering the sixth mass extinction. Sci Adv 1:e1400253. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1400253

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Cooper RD, Waterson DGE, Frances SP, Beebe NW, Sweeney AW (2002) Speciation and distribution of the members of the Anopheles punctulatus (Diptera: Culicidae) group in Papua New Guinea. J Med Entomol 39(1):16–27

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cote I, Reynolds J (2002) Predictive ecology to the rescue? Science 298:1181–1182. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1079074

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cupedo F (2007) Geographical variation and Pleistocene history of the Erebia pandrose—sthennyo complex (Nymphalidae; Satyrinae). Nota Lepidopterol 30:329–353

    Google Scholar 

  • Dawson TP, Jackson ST, House JI. Prentice IC, Mace GM (2011) Beyond predictions: biodiversity conservation in a changing climate. Science 332:53–58. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1200303

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dell Inc (2016) Dell Statistica (data analysis software system), version 13. http://www.software.dell.com

  • Dirzo R, Raven PH (2003) Global state of biodiversity and loss. Annu Rev Environ Resour 28:137–167

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Donoghue MJ, Alverson WS (2000) A new age of discovery. Ann Mo Bot 87:110–126

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dusfour I, Linton YM, Cohuet A, Harbach RE, Baimai V, Trung HD, Seng CM, Matusop A, Manguin S (2004) Molecular evidence of speciation between island and continental populations of Anopheles (Cellia) sundaicus (Diptera: Culicidae), a principal malaria vector taxon in Southeast Asia. J Med Entomol 41(3):287–295

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Elith J, Phillips SJ, Hastie T, Dudík M, Chee YE, Yates CJ (2011) A statistical explanation of MaxEnt for ecologists. Divers Distrib 17:43–57. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-4642.2010.00725.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fox R, Oliver TH, Harrower C, Parsons MS, Thomas CD, Roy DB (2014) Long-term changes to the frequency of occurrence of British moths are consistent with opposing and synergistic effects of climate and land-use changes. J Appl Ecol 51:949–957. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.12256

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gelviz-Gelvez SM, Pavόn NP, Illoldi-Rangel P, Ballesteros-Barrera C (2015) Ecological niche modeling under climate change to select shrubs for ecological restoration in Central Mexico. Ecol Eng 74:302–309

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hansen J, Sato M, Ruedy R (2012) Perception of climate change. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 109:E2415–E2423. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1205276109

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hanspach J, Schweiger O, Kühn I, Plattner M, Pearman PB, Zimmermann NE, Settele J (2014) Host plant availability potentially limits butterfly distributions under cold environmental conditions. Ecography 37:301–308. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0587.2013.00195.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hawlitschek O, Porch N, Hendrich L, Balke M (2011) Ecological niche modelling and nDNA sequencing support a new, morphologically cryptic beetle species unveiled by DNA barcoding. PLoS ONE 6(2):e16662

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hijmans RJ, Cameron SE, Parra JL, Jones PG, Jarvis A (2005) Very high resolution interpolated climate surfaces for global land areas. Int J Climatol 25:1965–1978. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.1276

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hughes JB, Daily GC, Ehrlich PR (1997) Population diversity: its extent and extinction. Science 278:689–692. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.278.5338.689

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hurkmans W (1993) A monograph of Merodon (Diptera: Syrphidae). Pt.1. Tijdschrift Voor Entomologie 136:147–234

    Google Scholar 

  • IPCC (2001) Climate change 2001. The scientific basis. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • IPCC (2013) Climate change 2013. The physical science basis. Contribution of working group I to the fifth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Iverson LR, Prasad AM (1998) Predicting abundance of 80 tree species following climate change in the eastern United States. Ecol Monogr 68:465–485

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jackson CR, Robertson MP (2011) Predicting the potential distribution of an endangered cryptic subterranean mammal from few occurrence records. J Nat Conserv 19(2):87–94

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jones G (1997) Acoustic signals and speciation: the role of natural and sexual selection in the evolution of cryptic species. Adv Study Behav 26:317–354

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaloveloni A, Tscheulin T, Vujić A, Radenković S, Petanidou T (2015) Winners and losers of climate change for the genus Merodon (Diptera: Syrphidae) across the Balkan Peninsula. Ecol Model 313:201–211

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Koh LP, Dunn RR, Sodhi NS, Colwell RK, Proctor HC, Smith VS (2004) Species coextinctions and the biodiversity crisis. Science 305:1632–1634. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1101101

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krauss J, Bommarco R, Guardiola M, Heikkinen RK, Helm A, Kuussaari M, Lindborg R, Öckinger E, Pärtel M, Pino J, Pöyry J, Raatikainen KM, Sang A, Stefanescu C, Teder T, Zobel M, Steffan-Dewenter I (2010) Habitat fragmentation causes immediate and time-delayed biodiversity loss at different trophic levels. Ecol Lett 13:597–605. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2010.01457.x

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Marcos-García MA, Vujić A, Ricarte A, Ståhls G (2011) Towards an integrated taxonomy of the Merodon equestris species complex (Diptera: Syrphidae) including description of a new species, with additional data on Iberian Merodon. Can Entomol 143(4):332–348. https://doi.org/10.4039/n11-013

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McEvey SF, David JR, Tsacas L (1987) The Drosophila ananassae complex with description of a new species from French Polynesia (Diptera: Drosophilidae). Ann Soc Entomol Fr 23(4):377–385

    Google Scholar 

  • Mengual X, Ståhls G, Vujić A, Marcos-García M (2006) Integrative taxonomy of Iberian Merodon species (Diptera, Syrphidae). Zootaxa 1377:1–26. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1377.1.1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Montgomery DC, Peck EA (1992) Introduction to linear regression analysis, 2nd edn. Wiley-Interscience, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Moss RH, Edmonds JA, Hibbard KA, Manning MR, Rose SK, van Vuuren DP, Carter TR, Emori S, Kainuma M, Kram T, Meehl GA, Mitchell JF, Nakicenovic N, Riahi K, Smith SJ, Stouffer RJ, Thomson AM, Weyant JP, Wilbanks TJ (2010) The next generation of scenarios for climate change research and assessment. Nature 463:747–756

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Naimi B (2015) usdm: Uncertainty Analysis for Species. Distribution models. R package version 1.1–15

  • Pearson RG, Raxworthy CJ, Nakamura M, Peterson AT (2007) Predicting species distribution from small numbers of occurrence records: a test case using cryptic geckos in Madagascar. J Biogeogr 34:102–117. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2006.01594.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Phillips SJ, Dudik M (2008) Modeling of species distributions with Maxent: new extensions and a comprehensive evaluation. Ecography 31:161–175

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Phillips SJ, Anderson RP, Schapire RE (2006) Maximum entropy modeling of species geographic distributions. Ecol Model 190:231–259

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Popovic D, Djan M, Sasic L, Snjegota D, Obreht D, Vujic A (2014) Usage of different molecular markers in delimitation of cryptic taxa in Merodon avidus species complex (Diptera: Syrphidae). Acta zool bulg 7:33–38

    Google Scholar 

  • Popović D, Ačanski J, Djan M, Obreht D, Vujić A, Radenković S (2015) Sibling species delimitation and nomenclature of the Merodon avidus complex (Diptera: Syrphidae). Eur J Entomol 112:790–809. https://doi.org/10.14411/eje.2015.100

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Potts SG, Biesmeijer JC, Kremen C, Neumann P, Schweiger O, Kunin WE (2010) Global pollinator declines: trends, impacts and drivers. Trends Ecol Evol 25:345–353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2010.01.007

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Preradović J, Andrić A, Radenković S, Zorić LS, Pérez-Bañón C, Campoy A, Vujić A (2018) Pupal stages of three species of the phytophagous genus Merodon Meigen (Diptera: Syrphidae). Zootaxa 4420(2):229–242

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • R Development Core Team (2016) R: a language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna

    Google Scholar 

  • Radenković S, Vujić A, Stahls G, Perez-Banon C, Petanidou T, Šimić S (2011) Three new cryptic species of the genus Merodon Meigen (Diptera: Syrphidae) from the island of Lesvos (Greece). Zootaxa 2735:35–56

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Radenković S, Schweiger O, Milić D, Harpke A, Vujić A (2017) Living on the edge: forecasting the trends in abundance and distribution of the largest hoverfly genus (Diptera: Syrphidae) on the Balkan Peninsula under future climate change. Biol Conserv 212:216–229

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Radenković S, Zorić LS, Djan M, Obreht Vidaković D, Ačanski J, Ståhls G, Veličković N, Markov Z, Petanidou T, Kočiš Tubić N, Vujić A (2018) Cryptic speciation in the Merodon luteomaculatus complex (Diptera: Syrphidae) from the eastern Mediterranean. J Zool Syst Evol Res. https://doi.org/10.1111/jzs.12193

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ricarte A, Marcos-García MA, Rotheray GE (2008) The early stages and life histories of three Eumerus and two Merodon species (Diptera: Syrphidae) from the Mediterranean region. Entomol Fenn 19(2):129–141

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ricarte A, Souba-Dols GJ, Hauser M, Marcos- García MA (2017) A review of the early stages and host plants of the genera Eumerus and Merodon (Diptera: Syrphidae), with new data on four species. PLoS ONE 12(12):e0189852. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0189852

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rissler LJ, Apodaca JJ (2007) Adding more ecology into species delimitation: ecological niche models and phylogeography help define cryptic species in the Black Salamander (Aneides flavipunctatus). Syst Biol 56:924–942. https://doi.org/10.1080/10635150701703063

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Santos H, Juste J, Ibánez C, Palmeirim JM, Godinho R, Amorim F, Alves P, Costa H, De Paz O, Pérez-Suarez G, Martínez-Alos S, Jones G, Rebelo H (2014) Influences of ecology and biogeography on shaping the distribution of cryptic species: three bat tales in Iberia. Biol J Linn Soc 112:150–162

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Šašić L, Ačanski J, Vujić A, Ståhls G, Radenković S, Milić D, Obreht Vidaković D, Đan M (2016) Molecular and morphological inference of three cryptic species within the Merodon aureus species group (Diptera: Syrphidae). PLoS ONE 11(8):e0160001

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sattler T, Bontadina F, Hirzel AH, Arlettaz R (2007) Ecological niche modelling of two cryptic bat species calls for reassessment of their conservation status. J App Ecol 44:1188–1199. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2007.01328.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schweiger O, Musche M, Bailey D, Billeter R, Diekotter T, Hendrickx F, Herzog F, Liira J, Maelfait JP, Speelmans M, Dziock F (2007) Functional richness of local hoverfly communities (Diptera, Syrphidae) in response to land use across temperate Europe. Oikos 116:461–472. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2007.0030-1299.15372.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Settele J, Kudrna O, Harpke A, Kühn I, van Swaay C, Verovnik R, Warren M, Wiemers M, Hanspach J, Hickler T, Kühn E, van Halder I, Veling K, Vliegenthart A, Wynhoff I, Schweiger O (2008) Climatic risk atlas of european butterflies. Pensoft, Sofia

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Sowa SP, Annis G, Morey ME, Diamond DD (2007) A gap analysis and comprehensive conservation strategy for riverine ecosystems of Missouri. Ecol Monogr 77:301–334

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ståhls G, Vujić A, Pérez-Bañòn C, Radenković S, Rojo S, Petanidou T (2009) COI barcodes for identification of Merodon hoverflies (Diptera, Syrphidae) of Lesvos Island, Greece. Mol Ecol Resour 9:1431–1438. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-0998.2009.02592.x

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas CD, Cameron A, Green RE, Bakkenes M, Beaumont LJ, Collingham YC, Erasmus BFN, de Siqueira FM, Grainger A, Hannah L, Hughes L, Huntley B, van Jaarsveld AS, Midgley GF, Miles L, Ortega-Huerta MA, Peterson AT, Phillips OL, Williams SE (2004) Extinction risk from climate change. Nature 427:145–148

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tylianakis JM, Didham RK, Bascompte J, Wardle DA (2008) Global change and species interactions in terrestrial ecosystems. Ecol Lett 11:1351–1363. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2008.01250.x

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van Der Wal J, Shoo LP, Graham C, Williams SE (2009) Selecting pseudo-absence data for presence-only distribution modeling: how far should you stray from what you know? Ecol Model 220:589–594

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Veselić S, Vujić A, Radenković S (2017) Three new Eastern-Mediterranean endemic species of the Merodon aureus group (Diptera: Syrphidae). Zootaxa 4254(4):401–434. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4254.4.1

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vitousek PM, Mooney HA, Lubchenco J, Melillo JM (1997) Human domination of Earth’s ecosystems. Science 277:494–499. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.277.5325.494

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vujić A, Pérez-Bañòn C, Radenković S, Ståhls G, Rojo S, Petanidou T, Šimić S (2007) Two new species of the genus Merodon Meigen 1803 (Diptera: Syrphidae) from the island of Lesvos (Greece), in the eastern Mediterranean. Ann Soc Entomol Fr 43(3):319–326

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vujić A, Marcos-García MA, Sarıbıyık S, Ricarte A (2011) New data on the Merodon Meigen 1803 fauna (Diptera: Syrphidae) of Turkey including description of a new species and changes in the nomenclatural status of several taxa. Ann Soc Entomol Fr 47(1–2):78–88

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vujić A, Radenković S, Ståhls G, Ačanski J, Stefanović A, Veselić S, Andrić A, Hayat R (2012) Systematics and taxonomy of the ruficornis group of genus Merodon Meigen (Diptera: Syrphidae). Syst Entomol 37(3):578–602

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vujić A, Radenković S, Likov L, Trifunov S, Nikolić T (2013) Three new species of the Merodon nigritarsis group (Diptera: Syrphidae) from the Middle East. Zootaxa 3640:442–464

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vujić A, Radenković S, Ačanski J, Grković A, Taylor M, Senol SG, Hayat R (2015) Revision of the species of the Merodon nanus group (Diptera: Syrphidae) including three new species. Zootaxa 4006(3):439–462. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4006.3.2

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wake DB, Vredenburg VT (2008) Are we in the midst of the sixth mass extinction? A view from the world of amphibians. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105:11466–11473

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wells MM, Henry CS (1998) Songs, reproductive isolation, and speciation in cryptic species of insects. In: Howard DJ, Berlocher SH (eds) Endless forms, species and speciation. Oxford University Press, New York, pp 217–221

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This work was financially supported by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia (Grant Nos. OI173002 and III43002) and the Provincial Secretariat for Science and Technological Development (Grant No. 142-451-2591/2017). We also thank John O’Brien for proof reading the English version.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Dubravka Milić.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Ethical approval

None of the collected hoverfly species are red listed, endangered, threatened or considered to be endangered in Serbia, Montenegro, Greece, Austria, France or Switzerland. Similarly, no species collected in the present study are ranked in any IUCN list or protected by CITES. All the specimens were collected in state-owned properties. The collection of these species is not subjected to restriction by law and does not require collecting permits in these countries. Permission to collect biological specimens in protected areas was provided by the competent authorities. In Serbia our research was part of an ongoing project supported by Ministry of Environment and Spatial Planning (353-01-1345/2010-03) and Institute of Nature Protection (04-421/28.6.2010.), in Montenegro we contacted the Agency for Environment Protection (officially Agencija za zaštitu životne sredine). The Greek material was collected under a permit issued by Greek Ministry of Environment, Energy and Climate change (130276/1222).

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Milić, D., Radenković, S., Ačanski, J. et al. The importance of hidden diversity for insect conservation: a case study in hoverflies (the Merodon atratus complex, Syrphidae, Diptera). J Insect Conserv 23, 29–44 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10841-018-0111-7

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10841-018-0111-7

Keywords

Navigation