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Assessment of energy dissipation mechanisms for AT-cut QCM sensors with high frequency impedance analysis and optimization heuristics

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Abstract

In the present contribution, five unloaded AT-cut quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) sensors with nominal resonant frequencies equal to 5, 5.2 and 10 MHz, bearing silver (5.2 MHz) and gold electrodes (5 and 10 MHz) on their main surfaces, were bonded on a high pressure cell and studied with respect to their electrical and frequency response in the temperature range from 20 °C to 150 °C at a nitrogen atmosphere (P = 1 atm). The goal was the qualitative and the quantitative identification of energy dissipation mechanisms of quartz resonators, based on their electrical response and effective properties (quartz viscosity and oscillation area). Electrical response measurements took place with high frequency impedance analysis (HF-IA), while admittance data were processed with the use of equivalent circuit theory and the Differential Evolution heuristic for nonlinear optimization, equipped with an error analysis module. Apart from the inherent energy dissipation due to sensor mounting and electrode related mass and stress effect, dissipation was also induced due to the manifestation of thermally active point defects at temperatures between 65 °C and 145 °C. These point defects are attributed to the movement of interstitial sodium ions within the crystal lattice. Energy dissipation was also observed due to temperature dependent (70–90 °C) creep deformation of the 60Sn-40Pb solder joints which bonded the mounted sensors to the experimental setup. A critical discussion on the magnitude of all observed dissipation mechanisms is presented.

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  1. Department of Chemical Engineering, Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece

    Athanasios Kakalis & Costas Panayiotou

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  1. Athanasios Kakalis
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Kakalis, A., Panayiotou, C. Assessment of energy dissipation mechanisms for AT-cut QCM sensors with high frequency impedance analysis and optimization heuristics. J Electroceram 30, 232–250 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10832-013-9790-3

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