Abstract
Objectives
The importance of vulnerability expression for well-being is a prominent theme in contemporary psychology, but empirical support for this claim is lacking, including evidence for the belief that males are less open to states of vulnerability than females, and that people who are more judgmental of vulnerability experience difficulties in emotion regulation, and psychological well-being. Robust theoretical perspectives (attachment theory, emotion socialization) hold that children’s views regarding vulnerability originate within the parent-child relationship; here we empirically examine parents’ and children’s views regarding vulnerability.
Methods
We explored school-aged children’s (8 to 12 years) and their parents’ (N = 121) meta-emotional distress regarding vulnerability, as well as their perceptions of experiencing vulnerability as weak or strong, and their affective and behavioral reactions to vulnerability. We also compared perceptions of physical versus emotional vulnerability.
Results
There were few gender differences in perceptions of vulnerability; however, children and parents evaluated physical vulnerability more favorably than emotional vulnerability. While meta-emotional distress to vulnerability was not consistently associated with emotion dysregulation or psychopathology, perceiving vulnerability as weak and as a reason to distance oneself, to not like the experiencer (children) or to discourage such expression (parents), were robustly associated with depressive symptoms and rejection sensitivity.
Conclusions
Building relationships in which expressions of vulnerability—especially emotional vulnerability (states of fear and sadness)—are accepted and perceived as a means of building emotional resilience comports with attachment theory and with emotion- and attachment-based therapy principles.
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Acknowledgements
The authors wish to thank the families who participated in this study as well as the research assistants from the UCI THRIVE Lab and the Pomona College CARE Lab who assisted in all aspects of data collection and post-processing.
Author Contributions
J.B. designed the study, conducted data analyses, and drafted the paper. P.S. collaborated on the conceptualization of the research problem and the writing of the paper. G.G., P.P., and M.K. collaborated in the writing of the paper. B.S. collaborated on the conceptualization of the research problem and the writing of the paper.
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All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee of Pomona College and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.
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Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. Parents completed consent forms, and children completed assent forms.
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Borelli, J.L., Smiley, P.A., Gaskin, G. et al. Children’s and Parents’ Perceptions of Vulnerability as Weakness: Associations with Children’s Well-Being. J Child Fam Stud 28, 2727–2741 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-019-01453-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-019-01453-1