Skip to main content
Log in

Conduct Disordered Youth in Group Care: An Examination of Negative Peer Influence

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Journal of Child and Family Studies Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

We examined the potential impact of negative peer influence within a treatment-focused residential care setting. Subjects were 712 youth consecutively admitted to a large residential treatment program (9–19 years of age). Based on Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children (DISC) scores, 247 (35%) of these youth qualified for a Conduct Disorder diagnosis at admission. The dependent measures were the number of DISC Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD)/Conduct Disorder (CD) symptoms and the sum of Conduct Problem behaviors observed daily for each youth. Both the Conduct Problem Behaviors and the ODD/CD symptoms for both CD and non-CD groups decreased over time. Youth with a CD diagnosis or who were female improved at a faster rate than their peers. The data analyzed in this study do not support a negative peer influence effect for antisocial youth placed in a treatment-focused residential care setting.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Ainsworth, F., & Hansen, P. (2005). A dream come true—no more residential care. A corrective note. International Journal of Social Welfare, 14, 195–199. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2397.2005.00359.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Allen, J. P., Porter, M. R., & McFarland, F. C. (2006). Leaders and followers in adolescent close friendships: Susceptibility to peer influence as a predictor of risky behavior, friendship instability, and depression. Development and Psychopathology, 18, 155–172. doi:10.1017/S0954579406060093.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • American Psychiatric Association. (1987). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd Revised ed.) Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.

  • American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th Revised ed.) Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.

  • Anglin, J. P. (2001, February). Staffed group homes for children and youth: Understanding their role and ensuring quality. Paper presented in the CWLC National Teleconference Series, Canada.

  • Arieli, M., Beker, J., & Kashti, Y. (2001). Residential group care as a socializing environment: Toward a broader perspective. Child & Youth Care Forum, 30, 403–414. doi:10.1023/A:1015321302983.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beutler, L. E. (1998). Identifying empirically supported treatments: What if we didn’t? Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66, 113–120. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.66.1.113.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boxer, P., Guerra, N. G., Huesmann, L. R., & Morales, J. (2005). Proximal peer-level effects of a small-group selected prevention on aggression in elementary school children: An investigation of the peer contagion hypothesis. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 33, 325–338. doi:10.1007/s10802-005-3568-2.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bray, J. H., Adams, G. J., Getz, J. G., & Baer, P. E. (2001). Developmental, family, and ethnic in influences on adolescent alcohol usage: A growth curve approach. Journal of Family Psychology, 15, 301–314. doi:10.1037/0893-3200.15.2.301.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Burleson, J. A., Kaminer, Y., & Dennis, M. L. (2006). Absence of iatrogenic or contagion effects in adolescent group therapy: Findings from the Cannabis Youth Treatment (CYT) Study. The American Journal on Addictions, 15, 4–15. doi:10.1080/10550490601003656.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chung, H. L., & Steinberg, L. (2006). Relations between neighborhood factors, parenting behaviors, peer deviance, and delinquency among serious juvenile offenders. Developmental Psychology, 42, 319–331. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.42.2.319.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Daly, D. L., & Dowd, T. P. (1992). Characteristics of effective, harm-free environments for children in out-of-home care. Child Welfare, 71, 487–496.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Daly, D. L., Thompson, R. W., & Coughlin, D. D. (1994). The relationship between length of stay and outcomes of residential care: A longitudinal study. Paper presented at the 7th FMHI Annual Research Conference, Tampa, FL.

  • Davidson-Arad, B. (2005). Fifteen-month follow-up of children at risk: Comparison of the quality of life of children removed from home and children remaining at home. Children and Youth Services Review, 27, 1–20. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2004.07.002.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davidson-Arad, B., Englechin-Segal, D., & Wozner, Y. (2003). Short-term follow-up of children at risk: Comparison of the quality of life of children removed from home and children remaining at home. Child Abuse and Neglect, 27, 733–750. doi:10.1016/S0145-2134(03)00113-3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Davis, J., & Daly, D. L. (2003). Girls and Boys Town long-term residential program: Training manual (4th ed.). Boys Town, NE: Father Flanagan’s Boys’ Home.

    Google Scholar 

  • DeMuro, P. (2008). Why child welfare agencies should limit the role of residential care. Journal for Juvenile Justice Services, 4, 59–67.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dishion, T. J., McCord, J., & Poulin, F. (1999). When interventions harm: Peer groups and problem behavior. The American Psychologist, 54, 755–764. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.54.9.755.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dishion, T. J., Nelson, S. E., & Bullock, B. M. (2004). Premature adolescent autonomy: Parent disengagement and deviant peer process in the amplification of problem behaviour. Journal of Adolescence, 27, 515–530. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2004.06.005.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dishion, T. J., & Stormshak, E. A. (2007). Child and adolescent intervention groups. In T. J. Dishion & E. A. Stormshak (Eds.), Intervening in children’s lives: An ecological, family-centered approach to mental health care (pp. 201–215). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Dodge, K. A. (1999). Cost-effectiveness of psychotherapy for child aggression: First, is there cost effectiveness? Comment on Shechtman and Ben-David (1999). Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 3, 275–278. doi:10.1037/1089-2699.3.4.275.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dodge, K. A., Dishion, T. J., & Lansford, J. E. (2006a). Deviant peer influences in intervention and public policy for youth. Social Policy Report, 20, 3–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dodge, K. A., Lansford, J. E., & Dishion, T. J. (2006b). The problem of deviant peer influences in intervention programs. In K. A. Dodge, T. J. Dishion, & J. E. Lansford (Eds.), Deviant peer influences in programs for youth: Problems and solutions (pp. 3–13). Guilford Press: New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dodge, K. A., & Sherrill, M. R. (2006). Deviant peer group effects in youth mental health interventions. In K. A. Dodge, T. J. Dishion, & J. E. Lansford (Eds.), Deviant peer influences in programs for youth: Problems and solutions (pp. 97–121). Guilford Press: New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dore, M. M., & Eisner, E. (1993). Child-related dimensions of placement stability in treatment foster care. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal, 10, 301–317. doi:10.1007/BF00758261.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eddy, J. M., Whaley, R. B., & Chamberlain, P. (2004). The prevention of violent behavior by chronic and serious male juvenile offenders: A 2-year follow-up of a randomized clinical trial. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 12, 2–8. doi:10.1177/10634266040120010101.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Edwards, J. K. (1994). Children in residential treatment: How many, what kind? Do we really know? Residential Treatment for Children & Youth, 12, 85–99. doi:10.1300/J007v12n01_06.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Feldman, R. A. (1992). The St. Louis experiment: Effective treatment of antisocial youths in prosocial peer groups. In J. McCord & R. E. Tremblay (Eds.), Preventing antisocial behavior: Interventions from birth through adolescence (pp. 233–252). Guilford Press: New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Florsheim, P., Behling, S., South, M., Fowles, T. R., & DeWitt, J. (2004). Does the youth corrections system work? Tracking the effectiveness of intervention efforts with delinquent boys in state custody. Psychological Services, 1, 126–139. doi:10.1037/1541-1559.1.2.126.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Frankfort-Howard, R., & Romm, S. (2002). Outcomes of residential treatment of antisocial youth: Development of or cessation from adult antisocial behavior. Residential Treatment for Children & Youth, 19, 53–70. doi:10.1300/J007v19n03_04.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Frick, P. J. (2001). Effective interventions for children and adolescents with conduct disorder. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 46, 597–608.

    Google Scholar 

  • Friman, P. C. (1999). Family-style residential care really works: Scientific findings demonstrating multiple benefits for troubled adolescents. Boys Town, NE: Boys Town Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Friman, P. C., Handwerk, M., Smith, L., Larzelere, R. E., Lucas, C. P., & Shaffer, D. M. (2000). External validity of conduct and oppositional defiant disorders by the NIMH diagnostic interview schedule for children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 28, 277–286. doi:10.1023/A:1005148404980.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gehringer, R. G. (2006). The impact of IQ on symptom reduction in a midwestern residential group home setting using the Family Home Program. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences, 67(4), 1165A.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gibbs, J. C., Potter, G. B., Barriga, A. Q., & Liau, A. K. (1996). Developing the helping skills and prosocial motivation of aggressive adolescents in peer group programs. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 1, 283–305. doi:10.1016/1359-1789(95)00018-6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gifford-Smith, M. (2005). Peer influence in children and adolescents: Crossing the bridge from developmental to intervention science. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 33, 255–265. doi:10.1007/s10802-005-3563-7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gilman, R., & Handwerk, M. L. (2001). Undergraduate students’ perceptions of school psychology: Findings and implications. School Psychology Review, 30, 120–134.

    Google Scholar 

  • Handwerk, M. L. (1999). New DISC developments: Use of the voice-DISC in a residential setting. Paper presented at the 46th Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Chicago, IL.

  • Handwerk, M. L., Clopton, K., Huefner, J. C., Smith, G. L., Hoff, K. E., & Lucas, C. P. (2006). Gender differences in adolescents in residential treatment. The American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 76, 312–324. doi:10.1037/0002-9432.76.3.312.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Handwerk, M. L., Field, C., & Friman, P. C. (2001). The iatrogenic effects of group intervention for antisocial youth: Premature extrapolations? Journal of Behavioral Education, 10, 223–238. doi:10.1023/A:1012299716053.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hanish, L. D., Martin, C. L., Fabes, R. A., Leonard, S., & Herzog, M. (2005). Exposure to externalizing peers in early childhood: Homophily and peer contagion processes. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 33, 267–281. doi:10.1007/s10802-005-3564-6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Haynie, D. L., & Osgood, D. W. (2005). Reconsidering peers and delinquency: How do peers matter? Social Forces, 84, 1109–1130. doi:10.1353/sof.2006.0018.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hektner, J. M., August, G. J., & Realmuto, G. M. (2003). Effects of pairing aggressive and nonaggressive children in strategic peer affiliation. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 31, 399–412.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kellam, S. G., Ling, X., Merisca, R., Brown, C. H., & Ialongo, N. (1998). The effect of the level of aggression in the first grade classroom on the course and malleability of aggressive behavior into middle school. Development and Psychopathology, 10, 165–185. doi:10.1017/S0954579498001564.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kiesner, J., Poulin, F., & Nicotra, E. (2003). Peer relations across contexts: Individual-network homophily and network inclusion in and after school. Child Development, 74, 1328–1343. doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00610.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kingsley, D. E. (2006). The teaching-family model and post-treatment recidivism: A critical review of the conventional wisdom. International Journal of Behavioral and Consultation Therapy, 2, 481–497.

    Google Scholar 

  • Knutson, J. F., DeGarmo, D., Koeppl, G., & Reid, J. B. (2005). Care neglect, supervisory neglect, and harsh parenting in the development of children’s aggression: A replication and extension. Child Maltreatment: Journal of the American Professional Society on the Abuse of Children, 10, 92–107.

    Google Scholar 

  • Larzelere, R. E. (1996). Inter-coder reliabilities and construct groupings for some important codes on the Daily Incident Report (NRI 001–96). Boys Town, NE: Father Flanagan’s Boys’ Home.

    Google Scholar 

  • Larzelere, R. E., Daly, D. L., Davis, J. L., Chmelka, M. B., & Handwerk, M. L. (2004). Outcome evaluation of the Girls and Boys Town family home program. Education & Treatment of Children, 27, 130–149.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lauritsen, J. (2005). Explaining patterns of offending across the life course: Comments on interactional theory and recent tests based on the RYDS-RIS data. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 602, 212–228. doi:10.1177/0002716205280152.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lavallee, K. L., Bierman, K. L., Nix, R. L., & The Conduct Problems Prevention Research Group. (2005). The impact of first-grade “friendship group” experiences on child social outcomes in the Fast Track program. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 33, 307–324. doi:10.1007/s10802-005-3567-3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, B. R., & Thompson, R. W. (2008). Comparing outcomes for youth in treatment foster care and family style group care. Children and Youth Services Review, 30, 746–757. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2007.12.002.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, B. R., & Thompson, R. W. (2009). Examining externalizing behavior trajectories of youth in group homes: Is there evidence for peer contagion? Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 37, 31–44. doi:10.1007/s10802-008-9254-4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lipsey, M. W. (1999). Can intervention rehabilitate serious delinquents? The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science(s), 564, 142–199. doi:10.1177/0002716299564001009.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lipsey, M. W. (2006). The effects of community-based group treatment for delinquency: A meta-analytic search for cross-study generalizations. In K. A. Dodge, T. J. Dishion, & J. E. Lansford (Eds.), Deviant peer influences in programs for youth: Problems and solutions (pp. 162–184). New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Loeber, R., Drinkwater, M., Yin, Y., Anderson, S. J., Schmidt, L. C., & Crawford, A. (2000). Stability of family interaction from ages 6 to 18. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 28, 353–369. doi:10.1023/A:1005169026208.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mager, W., Milich, R., Harris, M. J., & Howard, A. (2005). Intervention groups for adolescents with conduct problems: Is aggregation harmful or helpful? Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 33, 349–362. doi:10.1007/s10802-005-3572-6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • May, D. C. (2003). Nonsocial reinforcement and violence: Can juvenile justice policies be effective against intrinsic gratification received from violent activity among youth? Journal for Juvenile Justice and Detention Services, 18, 9–31.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCord, J. (1978). A thirty-year follow-up of treatment effects. The American Psychologist, 33, 284–289. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.33.3.284.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McCord, J. (1992). The Cambridge-Somerville STUDY: A pioneering longitudinal-experimental study of delinquency prevention. In J. McCord & R. E. Tremblay (Eds.), Preventing antisocial behavior: Interventions from birth through adolescence. New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • McMahon, R. J., Wells, K. C., & Kotler, J. S. (2006). Conduct problems. In E. J. Mash & R. A. Barkley (Eds.), Treatment of childhood disorders (3rd ed., pp. 137–268). New York, NY, USA: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • McMurran, M., Charlesworth, P., Duggan, C., & McCarthy, L. (2001). Controlling angry aggression: A pilot group intervention with personality disordered offenders. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 29, 473–483. doi:10.1017/S1352465801004076.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McNeal, R., Handwerk, M. L., Field, C. E., Roberts, M. C., Soper, S., Huefner, J. C., et al. (2006). Hope as an outcome variable among youths in a residential care setting. The American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 76, 304–311. doi:10.1037/0002-9432.76.3.304.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mrug, S., Hoza, B., & Bukowski, W. M. (2004). Choosing or being chosen by aggressive-disruptive peers: Do they contribute to children’s externalizing and internalizing problems? Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 32, 53–65. doi:10.1023/B:JACP.0000007580.77154.69.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Osgood, D. W., & Briddell, L. (2006). Peer effects in juvenile justice. Presentation to the National Institute of Justice Annual Conference on Criminal Justice Research and Evaluation, Washington, DC.

  • Penzerro, R. M. (2003). Drift as adaptation: Foster care and homeless careers. Child & Youth Care Forum, 32, 229–244. doi:10.1023/A:1024119116105.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pollack, B. N. (1998). Hierarchical linear modeling and the “unit of analysis” problem: A solution for analyzing responses of intact group members. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 2, 299–312. doi:10.1037/1089-2699.2.4.299.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Poulin, F., Dishion, T. J., & Burraston, B. (2001). 3-Year iatrogenic effects associated with aggregating high-risk adolescents in cognitive-behavioral preventive interventions. Applied Developmental Science, 5, 214–224. doi:10.1207/S1532480XADS0504_03.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Powers, E., & Witmer, H. (1951). An experiment in the prevention of delinquency: The Cambridge-Somerville Youth Study. New York: Columbia University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raudenbush, S. W., & Bryk, A. S. (2002). Heirarchical linear models: Applications and data analysis methods (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Redondo, S., Sanchez-Meca, J., & Garrido, V. (1999). The influence of treatment programmes on the recidivism of juvenile and adult offenders: An European meta-analytic review. Psychology, Crime & Law, 5, 251–278. doi:10.1080/10683169908401769.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rhule, D. M. (2005). Take care to do no harm: Harmful interventions for youth problem behavior. Professional Psychology, Research and Practice, 36, 618–625. doi:10.1037/0735-7028.36.6.618.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ryan, J. P., Marshall, J. M., Herz, D., & Hernandez, P. M. (2008). Juvenile delinquency in child welfare: Investigating group home effects. Children and Youth Services Review, 30, 1088–1099. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2008.02.004.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ryan, J. P., & Testa, M. F. (2005). Child maltreatment and juvenile delinquency: Investigating the role of placement and placement instability. Children and Youth Services Review, 27, 227–249. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2004.05.007.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schoenwald, S. K. (2002). Least restrictive alternative concepts as applied to children’s mental health: Clarifications and propositions. Children’s Services (Mahwah, N.J.), 5, 95–98. doi:10.1207/S15326918CS0502_02.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shaffer, D., Fisher, P., Dulcan, M. K., Davies, M., Piacentini, J. C., Schwab-Stone, M. E., et al. (1996). The NIMH diagnostic interview schedule for children version 2.3 (DISC-2.3): Description, acceptability, prevalence rates, and performance in the MECA study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 35(86), 5–877.

    Google Scholar 

  • Silverstein, M., & Long, J. D. (1998). Trajectories of grandparents’ perceived solidarity with adult grandchildren: A growth curve analysis over 23 years. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 60, 912–923. doi:10.2307/353634.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Snyder, J., Schrepferman, L., Oeser, J., Patterson, G., Stoolmiller, M., Johnson, K., et al. (2005). Deviancy training and association with deviant peers in young children: Occurrence and contribution to early-onset conduct problems. Development and Psychopathology, 17, 397–413.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Teare, J. F., Smith, G. L., Osgood, D. W., Peterson, R. W., Authier, K., & Daly, D. L. (1995). Ecological influences in youth crisis shelters: Effects of social density and length of stay on youth problem behaviors. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 4, 89–101. doi:10.1007/BF02233956.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Villani, S., & Sharfstein, S. S. (1999). Evaluating and treating violent adolescents in the managed care era. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 156, 458–464.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Warren, K., Schoppelrey, S., Moberg, D. P., & McDonald, M. (2005). A model of contagion through competition in the aggressive behaviors of elementary school students. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 33, 283–292. doi:10.1007/s10802-005-3565-5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wasserman, G. A., McReynolds, L. S., Lucas, C. P., Fisher, P., & Santos, L. (2002). The voice DISC-IV with incarcerated male youths: Prevalence of disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 41, 314–321. doi:10.1097/00004583-200203000-00011.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weiss, B., Caron, A., Ball, S., Tapp, J., Johnson, M., & Weisz, J. R. (2005). Iatrogenic effects of group treatment for antisocial youths. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73, 1036–1044. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.73.6.1036.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wiesner, M., & Capaldi, D. M. (2003). Relations of childhood and adolescent factors to offending trajectories of young men. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 40, 231–262. doi:10.1177/0022427803253802.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, M. N., & Woods, L. N. (2006). Iatrogenic outcomes of the child welfare system: Vulnerable adolescents, peer influences, and instability in foster care arrangements. In K. A. Dodge, T. J. Dishion, & J. E. Lansford (Eds.), Deviant peer influences in programs for youth: Problems and solutions (pp. 203–214). Guilford Press: New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wright, D. J. (2001). The relationship of anxiety and externalizing disorders. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering, 62(4), 2084B.

    Google Scholar 

  • Xie, H., Li, Y., Boucher, S. M., Hutchins, B. C., & Cairns, B. D. (2006). What makes a girl (or a boy) popular (or unpopular)? African American children’s perceptions and developmental differences. Developmental Psychology, 42, 599–612. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.42.4.599.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jonathan C. Huefner.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Huefner, J.C., Handwerk, M.L., Ringle, J.L. et al. Conduct Disordered Youth in Group Care: An Examination of Negative Peer Influence. J Child Fam Stud 18, 719–730 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-009-9278-6

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-009-9278-6

Keywords

Navigation