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Promoting the simultaneous removal of Microcystis bloom and microcystin-RR by Bacillus sp. AK3 immobilized on floating porous glass pellets

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Abstract

Harmful cyanobacterial blooms are global pollution problems. Algicidal bacteria, an effective method to control cyanobacteria that is widely studied in the laboratory, is often less effective when used in natural environments. A bacterium Bacillus sp. AK3, which has algicidal and microcystin-RR (MC-RR) degradation abilities, was used in this study. We determined the efficacy of Bacillus sp. AK3 in removing Microcystis sp. AARL C028 and MC-RR under laboratory conditions. Based on the results, Bacillus sp. AK3 can remove 100% of Microcystis sp. AARL C028 and 73% of extracted-MC-RR within 3 days, respectively. To improve the application of bacteria under natural cyanobacterial bloom conditions, floating porous glass pellets (FPGPs) were synthesized to serve as supporting material for bacterial immobilization. Based on SEM images, Bacillus sp. AK3 cells adhered to the surface of FPGPs by the action of the bacterial extracellular matrix. Bacillus sp. AK3 immobilized on FPGPs exhibited a higher algicidal efficiency than freely suspended cells. Under natural Microcystis spp. bloom conditions, the FPGPs can maintain the bacterial cells attached on their surface at around 19 × 107 CFU g−1. Bacillus sp. AK3 immobilized on FPGPs can reduce Microcystis spp. cells, chlorophyll-a content, and MC-RR by 82, 80, and 72%, respectively, within 8 days. The buoyancy of the FPGPs promotes contact between immobilized bacteria and cyanobacterial blooms floating on the water surfaces and facilitates re-collection.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank the Department of Biology, Department of Industrial Chemistry and Science and Technology Research Institute of Chiang Mai university for supporting the scientific instruments in this study.

Funding

This research work was partially supported by the Chiang Mai University. The first author was partially financially supported by the graduate school, Chiang Mai University.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand

    Danuphon Boonbangkeng & Jeeraporn Pekkoh

  2. Department of Industrial Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand

    Worapong Thiemsorn

  3. Science and Technology Research Institute, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand

    Khomsan Ruangrit

  4. Environmental Science Research Center, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand

    Jeeraporn Pekkoh

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  1. Danuphon Boonbangkeng
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  2. Worapong Thiemsorn
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  3. Khomsan Ruangrit
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  4. Jeeraporn Pekkoh
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Contributions

All the authors contributed to the study conception and design. FPGPs preparation was performed by D. Boonbangkeng and W. Thiemsorn. Data analysis was performed by D. Boonbangkeng, J. Pekkoh, and K. Ruangrit. The first draft of the manuscript was written by D. Boonbangkeng and all the authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All the authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Jeeraporn Pekkoh.

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Boonbangkeng, D., Thiemsorn, W., Ruangrit, K. et al. Promoting the simultaneous removal of Microcystis bloom and microcystin-RR by Bacillus sp. AK3 immobilized on floating porous glass pellets. J Appl Phycol 34, 1513–1525 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-022-02701-6

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