Abstract
This study investigated the cross-lagged relationship between father involvement and child problem behaviour across early-to-middle childhood, and tested whether temperament modulated any cross-lagged child behaviour effects on father involvement. It used data from the first four waves of the UK’s Millennium Cohort Study, when children (50.3 % male) were aged 9 months, and 3, 5 and 7 years. The sample was 8302 families where both biological parents were co-resident across the four waves. Father involvement (participation in play and physical and educational activities with the child) was measured at ages 3, 5 and 7, as was child problem behaviour (assessed with the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire). Key child and family covariates related to father involvement and child problem behaviour were controlled. Little evidence was found that more father involvement predicted less child problem behaviour two years later, with the exception of father involvement at child’s age 5 having a significant, but small, effect on peer problems at age 7. There were two child effects. More hyperactive children at age 3 had more involved fathers at age 5, and children with more conduct problems at age 3 had more involved fathers at age 5. Child temperament did not moderate any child behaviour effects on father involvement. Thus, in young, intact UK families, child adjustment appears to predict, rather than be predicted by, father involvement in early childhood. When children showed more problematic behaviours, fathers did not become less involved. In fact, early hyperactivity and conduct problems in children seemed to elicit more involvement from fathers. At school age, father involvement appeared to affect children’s social adjustment rather than vice versa.
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Notes
In MCS, there was an additional category, overseas qualifications (n = 175; 2.3 % of the analytic sample), coded ‘missing’.
We also explored marital status, father-reported quality of the inter-parental relationship and maternal education as possible control factors at age 9 months. Marital status was not significantly related to father involvement at age 3, and was only weakly related to (only few) problem behaviours at age 3. In total, 78 % of the analytic sample’s families were married at Sweep 1. Maternal and paternal reports of the quality of the inter-parental relationship were correlated (0.42), and including both also reduced the models’ fit. We decided to use the maternal report only as it was related more strongly to both father involvement and child adjustment at age 3. As for maternal education, there was a correlation between mother’s and father’s education in our sample (0.52), so we decided to use father’s education only as it was a stronger predictor of his involvement at age 3.
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Acknowledgments
This research was supported by a UK Economic and Social Research Council grant (ES/J001414/1) to EF, and by a personal overseas research grant to MKN from the Research Council of Norway (202438). The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.
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Flouri, E., Midouhas, E. & Narayanan, M.K. The Relationship Between Father Involvement and Child Problem Behaviour in Intact Families: A 7-Year Cross-Lagged Study. J Abnorm Child Psychol 44, 1011–1021 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-015-0077-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-015-0077-9