Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Immunomodulatory basis of antioxidant therapy and its future prospects: an appraisal

  • Review
  • Published:
Inflammopharmacology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Antioxidants are agents which can modulate oxidant–antioxidant profile of body system by neutralizing pro-oxidant molecules. The current scientific knowledge on mechanisms of antioxidant activity of biomolecules was critically reviewed with a special emphasis on immunomodulation. The immuno-oxidative wreckage of animals in various disease conditions and the role of biomodulators in curbing the oxidative stress through immune pathways were analyzed. The critical role of immunomodulatory mechanisms in controlling oxidative damage was identified. Selection of antioxidant therapy considering the immunopharmacology of the drug as well as immunological basis of disease may reduce treatment failure and adverse health effects. Hence, it is suggested that future studies on antioxidants may focus on the immuno-oxidative pathobiology to better understand its clinical effects and effective disease management.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

Abbreviations

AGE:

Advanced glycation end products

AOPPs:

Advanced oxidation protein products

BHA:

Butylated hydroxy anisole

BHT:

Butylated hydroxy toluene

GSH-Px:

Glutathione peroxidase

IBD:

Inflammatory bowel disease

IFN:

Interferon

IL:

Interleukin

LPO:

Lipid per oxidation

MDA:

Malondialdehyde

NAC:

N-Acetyl cysteine

ROM:

Reactive oxygen metabolites

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

GSH:

Reduced glutathione

SH:

Sulfhydryl

SOD:

Superoxide dismutase

SIRS:

Systemic inflammatory response syndrome

TBARS:

Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances

TLR:

Toll-like receptor

TNF:

Tumour necrosis factor

References

  • Agarwal A, Gupta S, Sharma RK (2005) Role of oxidative stress in female reproduction. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 3:28

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Albanes D, Malila N, Taylor PR et al (2000) Effects of supplemental alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene on colorectal cancer. Cancer Causes Control 11(3):197–205

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Albers R, Bol M, Bleumink R, Willems AA, Pieters RH (2003) Effects of supplementation with vitamins A, C, and E, selenium, and zinc on immune function in a murine sensitization model. Nutrition 19(11):940–946

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Allen JE, Wynn TA (2011) Evolution of Th2 immunity: a rapid repair response to tissue destructive pathogens. PLoS Pathog 7(5):e1002003

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Amaro S, Chamorro Á (2011) Translational stroke research of the combination of thrombolysis and antioxidant therapy. Stroke 42(5):1495–1499

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Amirshahrokhi K, Khalili AR (2016) Carvedilol attenuates paraquat-induced lung injury by inhibition of proinflammatory cytokines, chemokine MCP-1, NF-κB activation and oxidative stress mediators. Cytokine 88:144–153

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aruoma OI, Halliwell B, Hoey BM et al (1989) The antioxidant action of N-acetylcysteine: its reaction with hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical, superoxide, and hypochlorous acid. Free Radic Biol Med 6(6):593–597

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Atabek ME, Keskin M, Yazici C et al (2006) Protein oxidation in obesity and insulin resistance. Eur J Pediatr 165:753–756

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barnes PJ, Cosio MG (2004) Characterization of T lymphocytes in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. PLoS Med 1(1):e20

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Behl C, Moosmann B (2002) Antioxidant neuroprotection in Alzheimer’s disease as preventive and therapeutic approach. Free Radic Biol Med 33(2):182–191

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blecha F (2001) Immunomodulators for prevention and treatment of infectious diseases in food-producing animals. Vet Clin N Am Food Anim Pract 17(3):621–633

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blot WJ, Li JY, Taylor PR et al (1993) Nutrition intervention trials in Linxian, China: supplementation with specific vitamin/mineral combinations, cancer incidence, and disease-specific mortality in the general population. J Natl Cancer Inst 85:1483–1491

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Burri J, Graf M, Lambelet P et al (1989) Vanillin: more than a flavouring agent—a potent antioxidant. J Sci Food Agric 48(1):49–56

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Celi P (2011) Biomarkers of oxidative stress in ruminant medicine. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 33(2):233–240

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Čobanová K, Faix Š, Plachá I et al (2017) Effects of different dietary selenium sources on antioxidant status and blood phagocytic activity in sheep. Biol Trace Elem Res 175(2):339–346

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cook NR, Albert CM, Gaziano JM et al (2007) A randomized factorial trial of vitamins C and E and beta-carotene in the secondary prevention of cardiovascular events in women: results from the Women’s Antioxidant Cardiovascular Study. Arch Intern Med 167:1610–1618

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Cui K, Luo X, Xu K et al (2004) Role of oxidative stress in neurodegeneration: recent developments in assay methods for oxidative stress and nutraceutical antioxidants. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 28(5):771–799

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • De UK, Dey S (2010) Evaluation of organ function and oxidant/antioxidant status in goats with sarcoptic mange. Trop Anim Health Prod 42(8):1663–1668

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • De Vries N, De Flora S (1993) N-acetyl-l-cysteine. J Cell Biochem 53(S17F):270–277

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dekhuijzen PNR (2004) Antioxidant properties of N-acetylcysteine: their relevance in relation to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J 23(4):629–636

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Di Trana A, Celi P, Claps S et al (2006) The effect of hot season and nutrition on the oxidative status and metabolic profile in dairy goats during mid lactation. Anim Sci 82:717–722

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dimri U, Sharma MC, Yamdagni A et al (2010) Psoroptic mange infestation increases oxidative stress and decreases antioxidant status in sheep. Vet Parasitol 168:318–322

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Droge W (2002) Free radicals in the physiological control of cell function. Physiol Rev 82:47–95

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Escobar J, Pereda J, Arduini A et al (2009) Cross-talk between oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory cytokines in acute pancreatitis: a key role for protein phosphatases. Curr Pharm Des 15(26):3027–3042

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fang Y, Chen X, Luo P, Pei F, Kimatu BM, Liu K, Du M, Qiu W, Hu Q (2017) The correlation between in vitro antioxidant activity and immunomodulatory activity of enzymatic hydrolysates from selenium-enriched rice protein. J Food Sci 82(2):517–522

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fialova L, Malbohan I, Kalousova M et al (2006) Oxidative stress and inflammation in pregnancy. Scand J Clin Lab Investig 66:121–127

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Finkel T, Holbrook NJ (2000) Oxidants, oxidative stress and the biology of ageing. Nature 408(6809):239–247

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Flohe L, Günzler WA, Schock HH (1973) Glutathione peroxidase: a selenoenzyme. FEBS Lett 32:32–134

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Frei B (1994) Natural antioxidants in human health and disease. Academic, San Diego, pp 303–352

    Google Scholar 

  • Fuchs-Tarlovsky V (2013) Role of antioxidants in cancer therapy. Nutrition 29(1):15–21

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gao X, Xu YX, Janakiraman N, Chapman RA et al (2001) Immunomodulatory activity of resveratrol: suppression of lymphocyte proliferation, development of cell-mediated cytotoxicity, and cytokine production. Biochem Pharmacol 62(9):1299–1308

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gaykwad C, Garkhal J, Chethan GE, Nandi S, De UK (2017) Amelioration of oxidative stress using N-acetylcysteine in canine parvoviral enteritis. J Vet Pharmacol Ther. doi:10.1111/jvp.12434

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Georgieva NV (2005) Oxidative stress as a factor of disrupted ecological oxidative balance in biological systems—a review. Bulg J Vet Med 8:1–11

    Google Scholar 

  • Goodman M, Bostick RM, Kucuk O et al (2011) Clinical trials of antioxidants as cancer prevention agents: past, present, and future. Free Radic Biol Med 51(5):1068–1084

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goswami TK, Bhar R, Jadhav SE, Joardar SN, Ram GC (2005) Role of dietary zinc as a nutritional immunomodulator. Asian Aust J Anim Sci 18(3):439–452

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Griffiths HR, Moller L, Bartosz G et al (2002) Biomarkers. Mol Asp Med 23:101–208

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grumelli S, Corry DB, Song LZ et al (2004) An immune basis for lung parenchymal destruction in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and emphysema. PLoS Med 1(1):e8

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Halliwell B, Chirico S (1993) Lipid peroxidation: its mechanism, measurement, and significance. Am J Clin Nutr 57:715–724

    Google Scholar 

  • Hercberg S, Ezzedine K, Guinot C et al (2007) Antioxidant supplementation increases the risk of skin cancers in women but not in men. J Nutr 137(9):2098–2105

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ho E, Galougahi KK, Liu CC et al (2013) Biological markers of oxidative stress: applications to cardiovascular research and practice. Redox Biol 1(1):483–491

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ishibashi T (2013) Molecular hydrogen: new antioxidant and anti-inflammatory therapy for rheumatoid arthritis and related diseases. Curr Pharm Des 19(35):6375–6381

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Janero DR (1990) Malondialdehyde and thiobarbituric acid-reactivity as diagnostic indices of lipid peroxidation and peroxidative tissue injury. Free Radic Biol Med 9:515–540

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jiménez-Medina E, Garcia-Lora A, Paco L et al (2006) A new extract of the plant Calendula officinalis produces a dual in vitro effect: cytotoxic anti-tumor activity and lymphocyte activation. BMC Cancer 6:119

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kabel AM, Omar MS, Elmaaboud MAA (2016) Amelioration of bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis in rats by valproic acid and butyrate: role of nuclear factor kappa-B, proinflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress. Int Immunopharmacol 39:335–342

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kalousova M, Zima T, Tesar V et al (2005) Advanced glycoxidation end products in chronic diseases clinical chemistry and genetic background. Mutat Res 579:37–46

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kaneda H, Taguchi J, Ogasawara K et al (2002) Increased level of advanced oxidation protein products in patients with coronary artery disease. Atherosclerosis 162:221–225

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Klein EA, Thompson IM, Tangen CM et al (2011) Vitamin E and the risk of prostate cancer: the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT). JAMA 306(14):1549–1556

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kurt O, Ok UZ, Ertan P, Yuksel H (2002) Antioxidant substances and malaria. Turk Parazitol Derg 26:108–112

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee IM, Cook NR, Gaziano JM et al (2005) Vitamin E in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer: the Women’s Health Study: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 294:56–65

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Li XL, Zhou AG, Zhang L et al (2011) Antioxidant status and immune activity of glycyrrhizin in allergic rhinitis mice. Int J Mol Sci 12(2):905–916

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lin J, Cook NR, Albert C et al (2009) Vitamins C and E and beta carotene supplementation and cancer risk: a randomized controlled trial. J Natl Cancer Inst 101(1):14–23

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Liu Y, Davidson BP, Yue Q et al (2013) Molecular imaging of inflammation and platelet adhesion in advanced atherosclerosis effects of antioxidant therapy with NADPH oxidase inhibition. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 6(1):74–82

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lykkesfeldt J (2001) Determination of malondialdehyde as dithiobarbituric acid adduct in biological samples by HPLC with fluorescence detection: comparison with ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometry. Clin Chem 47:1725–1727

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lykkesfeldt J, Svendsen O (2007) Oxidants and antioxidants in disease: oxidative stress in farm animals. Vet J 173:502–511

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mahapatra SK, Bhattacharjee S, Chakraborty SP et al (2011) Alteration of immune functions and Th1/Th2 cytokine balance in nicotine-induced murine macrophages: immunomodulatory role of eugenol and N-acetylcysteine. Int Immunopharmacol 11(4):485–495

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mallat Z, Taleb S, Ait-Oufella H, Tedgui A (2009) The role of adaptive T cell immunity in atherosclerosis. J Lipid Res 50:S364–S369

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Masuda Y, Kikuzaki H, Hisamoto M et al (2004) Antioxidant properties of gingerol related compounds from ginger. Biofactors 21(1–4):293–296

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meydani SN, Meydani M, Verdon CP, Shapiro AA, Blumberg JB, Hayes KC (1986) Vitamin E supplementation suppresses prostaglandin E 2 1 synthesis and enhances the immune response of aged mice. Mech Ageing Dev 34(2):191–201

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meydani SN, Barklund MP, Liu S, Meydani M, Miller RA, Cannon JG, Morrow FD, Rocklin R, Blumberg JB (1990) Vitamin E supplementation enhances cell-mediated immunity in healthy elderly subjects. Am J Clin Nutr 52(3):557–563

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meydani SN, Meydani M, Blumberg JB et al (1997) Vitamin E supplementation and in vivo immune response in healthy elderly subjects. A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 277(17):1380–1386

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miller JK, Brzezinska-Slebodzinska E, Madsen FC (1993) Oxidative stress, antioxidants, and animal function. J Dairy Sci 76:2812–2823

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Milman U, Blum S, Shapira C et al (2007) Vitamin E supplementation reduces cardiovascular events in a subgroup of middle-aged individuals with both type 2 diabetes mellitus and the haptoglobin 2-2 genotype. A prospective double-blinded clinical trial. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. doi:10.1161/ATVBAHA.107.153965

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moura FA, de Andrade KQ, dos Santos JCF et al (2015) Antioxidant therapy for treatment of inflammatory bowel disease: does it work? Redox Biol 6:617–639

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Noyan T, Guler A, Sekeroglu MR et al (2006) Serum advanced oxidation protein products, myeloperoxidase and ascorbic acid in pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. Aust NZ J Obstet Gynaecol 46:486–491

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ohsawa I, Ishikawa M, Takahashi K (2007) Hydrogen acts as a therapeutic antioxidant by selectively reducing cytotoxic oxygen radicals. Nat Med 13(6):688–694

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Okai Y, Higashi-Okai K (1996) Possible immunomodulating activities of carotenoids in in vitro cell culture experiments. Int J Immunopharmacol 18(12):753–758

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Omenn GS, Goodman GE, Thornquist MD et al (1996) Effects of a combination of beta carotene and vitamin A on lung cancer and cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med 334(18):1150–1155

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Padayatty SJ, Katz A, Wang Y, Eck P, Kwon O, Lee JH, Chen S, Corpe C, Dutta A, Dutta SK, Levine M (2003) Vitamin C as an antioxidant: evaluation of its role in disease prevention. J Am Coll Nutr 22(1):18–35

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pallast EG, Schouten EG, de Waart FG et al (1999) Effect of 50- and 100-mg vitamin E supplements on cellular immune function in noninstitutionalized elderly persons. Am J Clin Nutr 69(6):1273–1281

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Patil US, Jaydeokar AV, Bandawane DD (2012) Immunomodulators: a pharmacological review. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci 4(S1):30–36

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pekmezci D (2010) Vitamin E and immunity. Vitam Horm 86:179–215

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peng CC, Yan JY, Dong B et al (2017) Effects of graded levels of cupric citrate on growth performance, antioxidant status, serum lipid metabolites and immunity, and tissue residues of trace elements in weaned pigs. Asian Australas J Anim Sci 30(4):538–545

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pipe RK, Coles JA, Carissan FMM et al (1999) Copper induced immunomodulation in the marine mussel, Mytiluse dulis. Aquat Toxicol 46(1):43–54

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pop-Busui R, Stevens MJ, Raffel DM et al (2013) Effects of triple antioxidant therapy on measures of cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy and on myocardial blood flow in type 1 diabetes: a randomised controlled trial. Diabetologia 56(8):1835–1844

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Prasad AS (2014) Zinc: an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent: role of zinc in degenerative disorders of aging. J Trace Elem Med Biol 28(4):364–371

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Prasad AS, Bao B, Beck FW et al (2004) Antioxidant effect of zinc in humans. Free Radic Biol Med 37(8):1182–1190

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Prasad AS, Beck FW, Bao B et al (2007) Zinc supplementation decreases incidence of infections in the elderly: effect of zinc on generation of cytokines and oxidative stress. Am J Clin Nutr 85(3):837–844

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reilly PM, Schiller HJ, Bulkley GB (1991) Pharmacologic approach to tissue injury mediated by free radicals and other reactive oxygen metabolites. Am J Surg 161:488–503

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rice-evans CA, Miller NJ, Bolwell PG et al (1995) The relative antioxidant activities of plant-derived polyphenolic flavonoids. Free Radic Res 22(4):375–383

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rock E, Mazur A, O’connor JM et al (2000) The effect of copper supplementation on red blood cell oxidizability and plasma antioxidants in middle-aged healthy volunteers. Free Radic Biol Med 28(3):324–329

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Romagnani S (2000) T-cell subsets (Th1 versus Th2). Ann Allergy 85(1):9–21

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Salimian J, Arefpour MA, Riazipour M, Poursasan N (2014) Immunomodulatory effects of selenium and vitamin E on alterations in T lymphocyte subsets induced by T-2 toxin. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 36(4):275–281

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sarsat WV, Friedlander M, Khoa TN, Capeillère-Blandin C, Nguyen AT, Canteloup S, Dayer JM, Jungers P, Drüeke T, Descamps-Latscha B (1998) Advanced oxidation protein products as novel mediators of inflammation and monocyte activation in chronic renal failure. J Immunol 161(5):2524–2532

    Google Scholar 

  • Sato T, Kinoshita M, Yamamoto T et al (2015) Treatment of irradiated mice with high-dose ascorbic acid reduced lethality. PLoS One 10(2):e0117020

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Seyedzadeh MH, Safari Z, Zare A et al (2014) Study of curcumin immunomodulatory effects on reactive astrocyte cell function. Int Immunopharmacol 22(1):230–235

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shi XY, Hou FF, Niu HX et al (2008) Advanced oxidation protein products promote inflammation in diabetic kidney through activation of renal nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase. Endocrinology 149:1829–1839

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Singh SK, Dimri U (2013) Amelioration of sarcoptic mange-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in dogs by using Calendula officinalis flower extracts. SRN Oxidative Med 657672:1–8

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh S, Singh SK, Kumar M et al (2011a) Ameliorative potential of quercetin against paracetamol-induced oxidative stress in mice blood. Toxicol Int 18(2):140–145

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Singh SK, Dimri U, Sharma MC et al (2011b) Determination of oxidative status and apoptosis in peripheral blood of dogs with sarcoptic mange. Vet Parasitol 178(3–4):330–338

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Singh SK, Dimri U, Sharma MC et al (2012) Psoroptes cuniculi induced oxidative imbalance in rabbits and its alleviation by using vitamins A, D3, E, and H as adjunctive remedial. Trop Anim Health Prod 44(1):43–48

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Singh D, Tanwar H, Jayashankar B et al (2017) Quercetin exhibits adjuvant activity by enhancing Th2 immune response in ovalbumin immunized mice. Biomed Pharmacother 90:354–360

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sirmali R, Giniş Z, Sirmali M et al (2014) Vitamin C as an antioxidant: evaluation of its role on pulmonary contusion experimental model. Turk J Med Sci 44(6):905–913

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Snow BJ, Rolfe FL, Lockhart MM et al (2010) A double-blind, placebo-controlled study to assess the mitochondria-targeted antioxidant MitoQ as a disease-modifying therapy in Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord 25(11):1670–1674

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Srinivasan M, Sudheer AR, Pillai KR et al (2007) Modulatory effects of curcumin on γ-radiation-induced cellular damage in primary culture of isolated rat hepatocytes. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 24(2):98–105

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sugino N (2006) Roles of reactive oxygen species in the corpus luteum. Anim Sci J 77:556–565

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sun P, Li D, Dong B (2009) Vitamin C: an immunomodulator that attenuates anaphylactic reactions to soybean glycinin hypersensitivity in a swine model. Food Chem 113(4):914–918

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tahan G, Aytac E, Aytekin H et al (2011) Vitamin E has a dual effect of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities in acetic acid-induced ulcerative colitis in rats. Can J Surg 54(5):333–338

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Thacker EL (2010) Immunomodulators, immunostimulants, and immunotherapies in small animal veterinary medicine. Vet Clin N Am Small Anim Pract 40(3):473–483

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Turnlund JR, Jacob RA, Keen CL et al (2004) Long-term high copper intake: effects on indexes of copper status, antioxidant status, and immune function in young men. Am J Clin Nutr 79(6):1037–1044

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ueland PM, Mansoor MA, Guttormsen AB et al (1996) Reduced, oxidized and protein-bound forms of homocysteine and other aminothiols in plasma comprise the redox thiol status—a possible element of the extracellular antioxidant defense system. J Nutr 126:1281–1284

    Google Scholar 

  • Uma Devi P, Ganasoundari A, Vrinda B et al (2000) Radiation protection by the ocimum flavonoids orientin and vicenin: mechanisms of action. Radiat Res 154(4):455–460

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Venneria E, Intorre F, Foddai MS et al (2014) Antioxidant effect of zinc supplementation on both plasma and cellular red-ox status markers in a group of elderly Italian population. J Nutr Health Aging 18(4):345–350

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Verlhac V, Obach A, Gabaudan J et al (1998) Immunomodulation by dietary vitamin C and glucan in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Fish Shellfish Immunol 8(6):409–424

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vetvicka V, Vetvickova J (2016) Addition of selenium improves immunomodulative effects of glucan. N Am J Med Sci 8(2):88–92

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Vivekananthan DP, Penn MS, Sapp SK et al (2003) Use of antioxidant vitamins for the prevention of cardiovascular disease: meta-analysis of randomised trials. Lancet 361(9374):2017–2023

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vrolijk MF, Opperhuizen A, Jansen EH et al (2015) The shifting perception on antioxidants: the case of vitamin E and β-carotene. Redox Biol 4:272–278

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Yadav BK, Singh SK, Nakade UP et al (2017) Ameliorative potential of prepartal trace mineral and vitamin supplementation on parturition-induced redox balance and myeloperoxidase activity of periparturient Sahiwal cows. Biol Trace Elem Res 177(1):72–79

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zakaria MMH, Hajipour B, Estakhri R et al (2017) Anti-oxidative effect of resveratrol on aluminum induced toxicity in rat cerebral tissue. Bratisl Lek Listy 118(5):269–272

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang YL, Guan L, Zhou PH et al (2012) The protective effect of chlorophyllin against oxidative damage and its mechanism. Zhonghua Nei Ke Za Zhi 51(6):466–470

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao M, Yang B, Wang J (2007) Immunomodulatory and anticancer activities of flavonoids extracted from litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) pericarp. Int Immunopharmacol 7(2):162–166

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors sincerely thank SEED division (Grant no. SEED/SARTHI/HP/19/2012), Department of Science and Technology, Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of India for funding this work under DST-SARTHI scheme.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Medicine, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, UP, 243122, India

    Y. Ajith, U. Dimri, S. K. Dixit, A. Gopalakrishnan, E. Madhesh, J. B. Rajesh & S. G. Sangeetha

  2. Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, U.P. Pt. Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, UP, 281 001, India

    Shanker K. Singh

Authors
  1. Y. Ajith
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. U. Dimri
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. S. K. Dixit
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Shanker K. Singh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. A. Gopalakrishnan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. E. Madhesh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. J. B. Rajesh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. S. G. Sangeetha
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Y. Ajith.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Ajith, Y., Dimri, U., Dixit, S.K. et al. Immunomodulatory basis of antioxidant therapy and its future prospects: an appraisal. Inflammopharmacol 25, 487–498 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10787-017-0393-5

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10787-017-0393-5

Keywords

Search

Navigation