Abstract
Quantum communication in general helps deter potential eavesdropping in the course of transmission of bits to enable secure communication between two or more parties. In this paper, we propose a novel quasi-deterministic secure quantum communication scheme using non-maximally entangled states. The proposed scheme follows a simple procedure, and cases where the entanglement required can be significantly reduced to carry out the protocol successfully are discussed. Long sequences or the whole sequence of data can be sent after error checking for a potential eavesdropper. The maximum qubit efficiency of the proposed protocol is found to be 33.333%.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bennett, C.H., Brassard, G.: Quantum cryptography: public key distribution and coin tossing. Theor. Comput. Sci. 560(12), 7–11 (2014)
Fox, M.: Quantum optics: an introduction, vol. 15, pp. 249–252. OUP Oxford, Oxford (2006)
Ekert, A.K.: Quantum cryptography based on Bell’s theorem. Phys. Rev. Lett. 67(6), 661–663 (1991)
Long, G.L., Deng, F.G., Wang, C., Li, X.H., Wen, K., Wang, W.Y.: Quantum secure direct communication and deterministic secure quantum communication. Front. Phys. China. 2(3), 251–272 (2007)
Long, G.L., Liu, X.S.: Theoretically efficient high-capacity quantum-key-distribution scheme. Phys. Rev. A. 65(3), 032302 (2002)
Deng, F.G., Long, G.L.: Secure direct communication with a quantum one-time pad. Phys. Rev. A. 69(5), 052319 (2004)
Wang, C., Deng, F.G., Li, Y.S., Liu, X.S., Long, G.L.: Quantum secure direct communication with high-dimension quantum superdense coding. Phys. Rev. A. 71(4), 044305 (2005)
Deng, F.G., Li, X.H., Li, C.Y., Zhou, P., Zhou, H.Y.: Quantum secure direct communication network with Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen pairs. Phys. Lett. A. 359(5), 359–365 (2006)
Xi-Han, L., Chun-Yan, L., Fu-Guo, D., Ping, Z., Yu-Jie, L., Hong-Yu, Z.: Quantum secure direct communication with quantum encryption based on pure entangled states. Chin. Phys. 16(8), 2149–2153 (2007)
Hu, J.Y., Yu, B., Jing, M.Y., Xiao, L.T., Jia, S.T., Qin, G.Q., Long, G.L.: Experimental quantum secure direct communication with single photons. Light Sci. Appl. 5(9), e16144 (2016)
Qi, R., Sun, Z., Lin, Z., Niu, P., Hao, W., Song, L., Huang, Q., Gao, J., Yin, L., Long, G.L.: Implementation and security analysis of practical quantum secure direct communication. Light Sci. Appl. 8(1), 1–8 (2019)
Pan, D., Lin, Z., Wu, J., Sun, Z., Ruan, D., Yin, L., Long, G.: Experimental free-space quantum secure direct communication and its security analysis. Photon. Res. 8, 1522–1531 (2020)
Shimizu, K., Imoto, N.: Communication channels secured from eavesdropping via transmission of photonic bell states. Phys. Lett. A. 60(1), 157 (1999)
Boström, K., Felbinger, T.: Deterministic secure direct communication using entanglement. Phys. Rev. Lett. 89(18), 187902 (2002)
Zhu, A.D., Xia, Y., Fan, Q.B., Zhang, S.: Secure direct communication based on secret transmitting order of particles. Phys. Rev. A. 73(2), 022338 (2006)
Li, X.H., Deng, F.G., Li, C.Y., Liang, Y.J., Zhou, P., Zhou, H.Y.: Deterministic secure quantum communication without maximally entangled states. arXiv preprint quant-ph/0606007 (2006)
Chang, Y., Zhang, S.B., Yan, L.L., Li, J.: Deterministic secure quantum communication and authentication protocol based on three-particle W state and quantum one-time pad. Chin. Sci. Bull. 59, 2835–2840 (2014)
Li, N., Li, J., Li, L.L., Wang, Z., Wang, T.: Deterministic secure quantum communication and authentication protocol based on extended GHZ-W state and quantum one-time pad. Int. J. Theor. Phys. 55, 3579–3587 (2016)
Jiang, D., Chen, Y., Gu, X., Xie, L., Chen, L.: Deterministic secure quantum communication using a single d-level system. Sci. Rep. 7, 44934 (2017)
Wang, X.W., Tang, S.Q., Yuan, J.B., Kuang, L.M.: Nonmaximally entangled states can be better for quantum correlation distribution and storage. Int. J. Theor. Phys. 54(5), 1461–1469 (2015)
Hill, S., Wootters, W.K.: Entanglement of a pair of quantum bits. Phys. Rev. Lett. 78(26), 5022–5025 (1997)
Cabello, A.: Quantum key distribution in the Holevo limit. Phys. Rev. Lett. 85(26), 5635–5638 (2000)
White, A.G., James, D.F., Eberhard, P.H., Kwiat, P.G.: Nonmaximally entangled states: production, characterization, and utilization. Phys. Rev. Lett. 83(16), 3103–3107 (1999)
Bennett, C.H., Brassard, G., Mermin, N.D.: Quantum cryptography without Bell’s theorem. Phys. Rev. Lett. 68(5), 557–559 (1992)
Munro, W.J., Azuma, K., Tamaki, K., Nemoto, K.: Inside quantum repeaters. IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 21(3), 78–90 (2015)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Vijayaraj, S., Balakrishnan, S. & Senthilnathan, K. Quasi-Deterministic Secure Quantum Communication Using Non-maximally Entangled States. Int J Theor Phys 60, 164–171 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10773-020-04672-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10773-020-04672-1