Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Semi-quantum Dialogue Based on Single Photons

  • Published:
International Journal of Theoretical Physics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

    We’re sorry, something doesn't seem to be working properly.

    Please try refreshing the page. If that doesn't work, please contact support so we can address the problem.

Abstract

In this paper, we propose two semi-quantum dialogue (SQD) protocols by using single photons as the quantum carriers, where one requires the classical party to possess the measurement capability and the other does not have this requirement. The security toward active attacks from an outside Eve in the first SQD protocol is guaranteed by the complete robustness of present semi-quantum key distribution (SQKD) protocols, the classical one-time pad encryption, the classical party’s randomization operation and the decoy photon technology. The information leakage problem of the first SQD protocol is overcome by the classical party’ classical basis measurements on the single photons carrying messages which makes him share their initial states with the quantum party. The security toward active attacks from Eve in the second SQD protocol is guaranteed by the classical party’s randomization operation, the complete robustness of present SQKD protocol and the classical one-time pad encryption. The information leakage problem of the second SQD protocol is overcome by the quantum party’ classical basis measurements on each two adjacent single photons carrying messages which makes her share their initial states with the classical party. Compared with the traditional information leakage resistant QD protocols, the advantage of the proposed SQD protocols lies in that they only require one party to have quantum capabilities. Compared with the existing SQD protocol, the advantage of the proposed SQD protocols lies in that they only employ single photons rather than two-photon entangled states as the quantum carriers. The proposed SQD protocols can be implemented with present quantum technologies.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Bennett, C.H., Brassard, G.: Quantum cryptography: public-key distribution and coin tossing. In: Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computers, Systems and Signal Processing, pp. 175–179. IEEE Press, Bangalore (1984)

  2. Ekert, A.K.: Quantum cryptography based on Bell’s theorem. Phys. Rev. Lett. 67(6), 661–663 (1991)

    Article  ADS  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  3. Bennett, C.H., Brassard, G., Mermin, N.D.: Quantum cryptography without Bell theorem. Phys. Rev. Lett. 68, 557–559 (1992)

    Article  ADS  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  4. Cabello, A.: Quantum key distribution in the Holevo limit. Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 5635 (2000)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  5. Zhang, C.M., Song, X.T., Treeviriyanupab, P., et al.: Delayed error verification in quantum key distribution. Chin. Sci. Bull. 59(23), 2825–2828 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Long, G.L., Liu, X.S.: Theoretically efficient high-capacity quantum-key-distribution scheme. Phys. Rev. A 65, 032302 (2002)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  7. Deng, F.G., Long, G.L., Liu, X.S.: Two-step quantum direct communication protocol using the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen pair block. Phys. Rev. A 68, 042317 (2003)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  8. Deng, F.G., Long, G.L.: Secure direct communication with a quantum one-time pad. Phys. Rev. A 69, 052319 (2004)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  9. Wang, C., Deng, F.G., Li, Y.S., Liu, X.S., Long, G.L.: Quantum secure direct communication with high-dimension quantum superdense coding. Phys. Rev. A 71, 044305 (2005)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  10. Chen, X.B., Wen, Q.Y., Guo, F.Z., Sun, Y., Xu, G., Zhu, F.C.: Controlled quantum secure direct communication with W state. Int. J. Quant. Inform. 6(4), 899–906 (2008)

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  11. Gu, B., Huang, Y.G., Fang, X., Zhang, C.Y.: A two-step quantum secure direct communication protocol with hyperentanglement. Chin. Phys. B 20(10), 100309 (2011)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  12. Liu, D., Chen, J.L., Jiang, W.: High-capacity quantum secure direct communication with single photons in both polarization and spatial-mode degrees of freedom. Int. J. Theor. Phys. 51, 2923–2929 (2012)

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  13. Chang, Y., Xu, C.X., Zhang, S.B., et al.: Controlled quantum secure direct communication and authentication protocol based on five-particle cluster state and quantum one-time pad. Chin. Sci. Bull. 59(21), 2541–2546 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Hillery, M., Buzek, V., Berthiaume, A.: Quantum secret sharing. Phys. Rev. A 59, 1829–1834 (1999)

    Article  ADS  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  15. Karlsson, A., Koashi, M., Imoto, N.: Quantum entanglement for secret sharing and secret splitting. Phys. Rev. A 59, 162–168 (1999)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  16. Xiao, L., Long, G.L., Deng, F.G., Pan, J.W.: Efficient multiparty quantum-secret-sharing schemes. Phys. Rev. A 69, 052307 (2004)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  17. Hao, L., Li, J.L., Long, G.L.: Eavesdropping in a quantum secret sharing protocol based on Grover algorithm and its solution. Sci. China Ser. G Phys. Mech. Astron. 53(3), 491–495 (2010)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  18. Hao, L., Wang, C., Long, G.L.: Quantum secret sharing protocol with four state Grover algorithm and its proof-of-principle experimental demonstration. Opt. Commun. 284, 3639–3642 (2011)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  19. Zhang, Z.J., Man, Z.X.: Secure direct bidirectional communication protocol using the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen pair block. arXiv:quant-ph/0403215 (2004)

  20. Zhang, Z.J., Man, Z.X.: Secure bidirectional quantum communication protocol without quantum channel. arXiv:quant-ph/0403217 (2004)

  21. Nguyen, B.A.: Quantum dialogue. Phys. Lett. A 328(1), 6–10 (2004)

    Article  ADS  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  22. Man, Z.X., Zhang, Z.J., Li, Y.: Quantum dialogue revisited. Chin. Phys. Lett. 22(1), 22–24 (2005)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  23. Man, Z.X., Xia, Y.J.: Controlled bidirectional quantum direct communication by using a GHZ state. Chin. Phys. Lett. 23(7), 1680–1682 (2006)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  24. Ji, X., Zhang, S.: Secure quantum dialogue based on single-photon. Chin. Phys. 15(7), 1418–1420 (2006)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  25. Man, Z.X., Xia, Y.J., Nguyen, B.A.: Quantum secure direct communication by using GHZ states and entanglement swapping. J. Phys. B-At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 39 (18), 3855–3863 (2006)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  26. Chen, Y., Man, Z.X., Xia, Y.J.: Quantum bidirectional secure direct communication via entanglement swapping. Chin. Phys. Lett. 24(1), 19–22 (2007)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  27. Yang, Y.G., Wen, Q.Y.: Quasi-secure quantum dialogue using single photons. Sci. China Ser. G Phys. Mech. Astron. 50(5), 558–562 (2007)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  28. Gao, F., Guo, F.Z., Wen, Q.Y., Zhu, FC: Revisiting the security of quantum dialogue and bidirectional quantum secure direct communication. Sci. China Ser. G Phys. Mech. Astron. 51(5), 559–566 (2008)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  29. Tan, Y.G., Cai, Q.Y.: Classical correlation in quantum dialogue. Int. J. Quant. Inform. 6(2), 325–329 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Shi, G.F., Xi, X.Q., Tian, X.L., Yue, R.H.: Bidirectional quantum secure communication based on a shared private Bell state. Opt. Commun. 282(12), 2460–2463 (2009)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  31. Shi, G.F., Xi, X.Q., Hu, M.L., Yue, R.H.: Quantum secure dialogue by using single photons. Opt. Commun. 283(9), 1984–1986 (2010)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  32. Sheikhehi, F., Naseri, M.: Probabilistic bidirectional quantum secure communication based on a shared partially entangled states. Int. J. Quant. Inform. 9 (Suppl.), 357–365 (2011)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  33. Shen, D.S., Ma, W.P., Yin, X.R., Li, X.P.: Quantum dialogue with authentication based on Bell states. Int. J. Theor. Phys. 52(6), 1825–1835 (2013)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  34. Ye, T.Y., Jiang, L.Z.: Quantum dialogue without information leakage based on the entanglement swapping between any two Bell states and the shared secret Bell state. Phys. Scr. 89(1), 015103 (2014)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  35. Ye, T.Y.: Large payload bidirectional quantum secure direct communication without information leakage. Int. J. Quant. Inform. 11(5), 1350051 (2013)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  36. Ye, T.Y.: Robust quantum dialogue based on the entanglement swapping between any two logical Bell states and the shared auxiliary logical Bell state. Quantum Inf. Process. 14(4), 1469–1486 (2015)

    Article  ADS  MATH  Google Scholar 

  37. Wang, H., Zhang, Y.Q., Liu, X.F., Hu, Y.P.: Efficient quantum dialogue using entangled states and entanglement swapping without information leakage. Quantum Inf. Process. 15(6), 2593–2603 (2016)

    Article  ADS  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  38. Shi, G.F.: Bidirectional quantum secure communication scheme based on Bell states and auxiliary particles. Opt. Commun. 283(24), 5275–5278 (2010)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  39. Shi, G.F., Tian, X.L.: Quantum secure dialogue based on single photons and controlled-not operations. J. Mod. Opt. 57(20), 2027–2030 (2010)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  40. Gao, G.: Two quantum dialogue protocols without information leakage. Opt. Commun. 283(10), 2288–2293 (2010)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  41. Gao, G., Fang, M., Wang, Y., Zang, D.J.: A Ping-Pong quantum dialogue scheme using genuine four-particle entangled states. Int. J. Theor. Phys. 50 (10), 3089–3095 (2011)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  42. Ye, T.Y.: Quantum secure dialogue with quantum encryption. Commun. Theor. Phys. 62(3), 338–342 (2014)

    Article  ADS  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  43. Ye, T.Y.: Fault tolerant channel-encrypting quantum dialogue against collective noise. Sci. China Phys. Mech. Astron. 58(4), 040301 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Huang, L.Y., Ye, T.Y.: A kind of quantum dialogue protocols without information leakage assisted by auxiliary quantum operation. Int. J. Theor. Phys. 54(8), 2494–2504 (2015)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  45. Ye, T.Y.: Quantum dialogue without information leakage using a single quantum entangled state. Int. J. Theor. Phys. 53(11), 3719–3727 (2014)

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  46. Boyer, M., Kenigsberg, D., Mor, T.: Quantum key distribution with classical Bob. Phys. Rev. Lett. 99(14), 140501 (2007)

    Article  ADS  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  47. Boyer, M., Gelles, R., Kenigsberg, D., Mor, T.: Semiquantum key distribution. Phys. Rev. A 79(3), 032341 (2009)

    Article  ADS  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  48. Lu, H., Cai, Q.Y.: Quantum key distribution with classical Alice. Int. J. Quant. Inform. 6(6), 1195–1202 (2008)

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  49. Zou, X.F., Qiu, D.W., Li, L.Z., Wu, L.H., Li, L.J.: Semiquantum-key distribution using less than four quantum states. Phys. Rev. A 79(5), 052312 (2009)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  50. Sun, Z.W., Du, R.G., Long, D.Y.: Quantum key distribution with limited classical Bob. Int. J. Quant. Inform. 11(1), 1350005 (2013)

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  51. Zou, X.F., Qiu, D.W., Zhang, S.Y., Mateus, P.: Semiquantum key distribution without invoking the classical party’s measurement capability. Quantum Inf. Process. 14(8), 2981–2996 (2015)

    Article  ADS  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  52. Zhang, W., Qiu, D.W.: A single-state semi-quantum key distribution protocol and its security proof. arXiv:quant-ph/161203087 (2017)

  53. Krawec, W.O.: Restricted attacks on semi-quantum key distribution protocols. Quantum Inf. Process. 13(11), 2417–2436 (2014)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  54. Krawec, W.O.: Security of a semi-quantum protocol where reflections contribute to the secret key. Quantum Inf. Process. 15(5), 2067–2090 (2016)

    Article  ADS  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  55. Boyer, M., Mor, T.: Comment on “Semiquantum-key distribution using less than four quantum states”. Phys. Rev. A 83(4), 046301 (2011)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  56. Zou, X.F., Qiu, D.W.: Reply to “Comment on ‘Semiquantum-key distribution using less than four quantum states’ ”. Phys. Rev. A 83(4), 046302 (2011)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  57. Wang, J., Zhang, S., Zhang, Q., Tang, C.J.: Semiquantum key distribution using entangled states. Chin. Phys. Lett. 28(10), 100301 (2011)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  58. Krawec, W.O.: Mediated semi-quantum key distribution. Phys. Rev. A 91(3), 032323 (2015)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  59. Boyer, M., Katz, M., Liss, R., Mor, T.: A new and feasible protocol for semi-quantum key distribution. arXiv:quant-ph/170107044 (2017)

  60. Tan, Y.G., Lu, H., Cai, Q.Y.: Comment on “Quantum key distribution with classical Bob”. Phys. Rev. Lett. 102(9), 098901 (2009)

    Article  ADS  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  61. Zhang, X.Z., Gong, W.G., Tan, Y.G., Ren, Z.Z., Guo, X.T.: Quantum key distribution series network protocol with M-classical Bobs. Chin. Phys. B 18(6), 2143–2148 (2009)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  62. Krawec, W.O.: Security proof of a semi-quantum key distribution protocol. In: Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory (ISIT), pp. 686–690. IEEE Press, Hong Kong (2015)

  63. Zhang, W., Qiu, D.W., Mateus, P.: Security of a single-state semi-quantum key distribution protocol. arXiv:quant-ph/161203170 (2016)

  64. Zou, X.F., Qiu, D.W.: Three-step semiquantum secure direct communication protocol. Sci. China Phys. Mech. Astron. 57(9), 1696–1702 (2014)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  65. Li, Q., Chan, W.H., Long, D.Y.: Semiquantum secret sharing using entangled states. Phys. Rev. A 82(2), 022303 (2010)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  66. Wang, J., Zhang, S., Zhang, Q., Tang, C.J.: Semiquantum secret sharing using two-particle entangled state. Int. J. Quant. Inform. 10(5), 1250050 (2012)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  67. Li, L.Z., Qiu, D.W., Mateus, P.: Quantum secret sharing with classical Bobs. J. Phys. A: Math. Theor. 46(4), 045304 (2013)

    Article  ADS  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  68. Xie, C., Li, L.Z., Qiu, D.W.: A novel semi-quantum secret sharing scheme of specific bits. Int. J. Theor. Phys. 54(10), 3819–3824 (2015)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  69. Yang, C.W., Hwang, T.: Efficient key construction on semi-quantum secret sharing protocols. Int. J. Quant. Inform. 11(5), 1350052 (2013)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  70. Chou, W.H., Hwang, T., Gu, J.: Semi-quantum private comparison protocol under an almost-dishonest third party. arXiv:1607.07961

  71. Thapliyala, K., Sharmab, R.D., Pathak, A.: Orthogonal-state-based and semi-quantum protocols for quantum private comparison in noisy environment. arXiv:1608.00101

  72. Liu, W.J., Chen, Z.Y., Ji, S., Wang, H.B., Zhang, J.: Multi-party semi-quantum key agreement with delegating quantum computation. Int. J. Theor. Phys. 56, 3164–3174 (2017)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  73. Shukla, C., Thapliyal, K., Pathak, A.: Semi-quantum communication: protocols for key agreement, controlled secure direct communication and dialogue. Quantum Inf. Process. 16, 295 (2017)

    Article  ADS  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  74. Shannon, C.E.: Communication theory of secrecy system. Bell Syst. Tech. J. 28, 656–715 (1949)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  75. Li, C.Y., Zhou, H.Y., Wang, Y., Deng, F.G.: Secure quantum key distribution network with Bell states and local unitary operations. Chin. Phys. Lett. 22(5), 1049–1052 (2005)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  76. Li, C.Y., Li, X.H., Deng, F.G., Zhou, P., Liang, Y.J., Zhou, H.Y.: Efficient quantum cryptography network without entanglement and quantum memory. Chin. Phys. Lett. 23(11), 2896–2899 (2006)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  77. Shor, P.W., Preskill, J.: Simple proof of security of the BB84 quantum key distribution protocol. Phys. Rev. Lett. 85(2), 441 (2000)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  78. Cai, Q.Y.: Eavesdropping on the two-way quantum communication protocols with invisible photons. Phys. Lett. A 351(1-2), 23–25 (2006)

    Article  ADS  MATH  Google Scholar 

  79. Gisin, N., Ribordy, G., Tittel, W., Zbinden, H.: Quantum cryptography. Rev. Mod. Phys. 74(1), 145–195 (2002)

    Article  ADS  MATH  Google Scholar 

  80. Deng, F.G., Zhou, P., Li, X.H., Li, C.Y., Zhou, H.Y.: Robustness of two-way quantum communication protocols against Trojan horse attack. quant-ph/0508168 (2005)

  81. Li, X.H., Deng, F.G., Zhou, H.Y.: Improving the security of secure direct communication based on the secret transmitting order of particles. Phys. Rev. A 74, 054302 (2006)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank the anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments that help enhancing the quality of this paper. Funding by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 61402407) and the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province (Grant No. LY18F020007) is gratefully acknowledged.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Information & Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310018, People’s Republic of China

    Tian-Yu Ye & Chong-Qiang Ye

Authors
  1. Tian-Yu Ye
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Chong-Qiang Ye
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Tian-Yu Ye.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Ye, TY., Ye, CQ. Semi-quantum Dialogue Based on Single Photons. Int J Theor Phys 57, 1440–1454 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10773-018-3672-z

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10773-018-3672-z

Keywords

Search

Navigation