Abstract
It is well known that embryogenesis in plants is regulated by the WOX family of transcription factors (W US homeobox); the WUS gene is the founding member of this family. Panax ginseng is one of the most valuable traditional Chinese medicinal herbs, and its reproduction must be maintained to fulfill production demands. A ginseng embryogenic cell culture 2c3 was previously obtained as a result of the transfer of a bacterial oncogene, rolC. This cell line has been used as a model system for studying plant somatic embryogenesis. Several genes that are homologous to the plant WUS genes have been shown to be expressed in the embryogenic 2c3 cell culture; no sequences homologous to WOX genes have been detected. We show that the expression levels of PgWUSII-6, PgWUSII-5, and PgWUSII-8 are significantly higher in the early developmental stages of somatic embryogenesis compared to vector-transformed cells. During late stages of embryogenesis, PgWUSI-3, PgWUSI-7, and PgWUSII-5 expression is activated. We represent the results suggesting that the initiation of P. ginseng somatic embryogenesis may correlate with significant activation of PgWUS expression.
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- CDPK:
-
Calcium-dependent protein kinase
- WOX:
-
WUS homeobox
References
Benfey PN, Chua NH (1990) The cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter: combinatorial regulation of transcription in plants. Science 250:959–966
Bonhomme V, Laurain Mattar D, Fliniaux MA (2000) Effects of the rolC gene on hairy root: induction development and tropane alkaloid production by Atropa belladonna. J Nat Prod 63:1249–1252
Braybrook SA, Harada JJ (2008) LECs go crazy in embryo development. Trends Plant Sci 13:624–630
Bulgakov VP, Veselova MV, Tchernoded GK, Kiselev KV, Fedoreyev SA, Zhuravlev YN (2005) Inhibitory effect of the Agrobacterium rhizogenes rolC gene on rabdosiin and rosmarinic acid production in Eritrichium sericeum and Lithospermum erythrorhizon transformed cell cultures. Planta 221:471–478
Costantino P, Capone I, Cardarelli M, De Paolis A, Mauro ML, Trovato M (1994) Bacterial plant oncogenes—the rol genes saga. Genetica 94:203–211
Des Marais DL, Rausher MD (2008) Escape from adaptive conflict after duplication in an anthocyanin pathway gene. Nature 454:762–765
Dubrovina AS, Kiselev KV, Veselova MV, Isaeva GA, Fedoreyev SA, Zhuravlev YN (2009) Enhanced resveratrol accumulation in rolB transgenic cultures of Vitis amurensis correlates with unusual changes in CDPK gene expression. J Plant Physiol 166:1194–1206
Faiss M, Strnad M, Redig P, Dolezal K, Hanus J, VanOnckelen H, Schmulling T (1996) Chemically induced expression of the rolC encoded β-glucosidase in transgenic tobacco plants and analysis of cytokinin metabolism: rolC does not hydrolyze endogenous cytokinin glucosides in planta. Plant J 10:33–46
Gorpenchenko TY, Kiselev KV, Bulgakov VP, Tchernoded GK, Bragina EA, Khodakovskaya MV, Koren OG, Batygina TB, Zhuravlev YN (2006) The Agrobacterium rhizogenes rolC-gene-induced somatic embryogenesis and shoot organogenesis in Panax ginseng transformed calluses. Planta 223:457–467
Haecker A, Gross-Hardt R, Geiges B, Sarkar A, Breuninger H, Herrmann M, Laux T (2004) Expression dynamics of WOX genes mark cell fate decisions during early embryonic patterning in Arabidopsis thaliana. Development 131:657–668
Hecht V, Vielle-Calzada JP, Hartog MV, Schmidt ED, Boutilier K, Grossniklaus U, de Vries SC (2001) The Arabidopsis somatic embryogenesis receptor kinase 1 gene is expressed in developing ovules and embryos and enhances embryogenic competence in culture. Plant Physiol 127:803–816
Junaid A, Mujib A, Sharma MP, Tang W (2007) Growth regulators affect primary and secondary somatic embryogenesis in Madagaskar periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don) at morphological and biochemical levels. Plant Growth Regul 51:271–281
Kiselev KV, Tchernoded GK (2009) Increased expression of WUS and SERK genes in the oncogene rolC expressed embryogenic cell cultures of Panax ginseng. Russ J Genet 45:445–452
Kiselev KV, Kusaykin MI, Dubrovina AS, Bezverbny DA, Zvyagintseva TN, Bulgakov VP (2006) The rolC gene induces expression of a pathogenesis-related beta-1, 3-glucanase in transformed ginseng cells. Phytochemistry 67:2225–2231
Kiselev KV, Dubrovina AS, Veselova MV, Bulgakov VP, Fedoreyev SA, Zhuravlev YN (2007) The rolB gene-induced overproduction of resveratrol in Vitis amurensis transformed cells. J Biotechnol 128:681–692
Kiselev KV, Gorpenchenko TY, Tchernoded GK, Dubrovina AS, Grishchenko OV, Bulgakov VP, Zhuravlev YN (2008) Calcium-dependent mechanism of somatic embryogenesis in Panax ginseng cell cultures expressing the rolC oncogene. Mol Biol 42:243–252
Lenhard M, Laux T (2003) Stem cell homeostasis in the Arabidopsis shoot meristem is regulated by intercellular movement of CLAVATA3 and its sequestration by CLAVATA1. Development 130:3163–3173
Lin X, Hwang GJ, Zimmerman JL (1996) Isolation and characterization of a diverse set of genes from carrot somatic embryos. Plant Physiol 112:1365–1374
Nardmann J, Werr W (2006) The shoot stem cell niche in angiosperms: expression patterns of WUS orthologues in rice and maize imply major modifications in the course of mono- and dicot evolution. Mol Biol Evol 23:2492–2504
Nilsson O, Olsson O (1997) Getting to the root: the role of the Agrobacterium rhizogenes rol genes in the formation of hairy roots. Physiol Plant 100:463–473
Schoof H, Lenhard M, Haecker A, Mayer KF, Jürgens G, Laux T (2000) The stem cell population of Arabidopsis shoot meristems is maintained by a regulatory loop between the CLAVATA and WUSCHEL genes. Cell 100:635–644
Spena A, Schmulling T, Koncz C, Schell JS (1987) Independent and synergistic activity of rolA, B and C loci in stimulating abnormal growth in plants. EMBO J 6:3891–3899
Su YH, Zhao XY, Liu YB, Zhang CL, O’Neill SD, Zhang XS (2009) Auxin-induced WUS expression is essential for embryonic stem cell renewal during somatic embryogenesis in Arabidopsis. Plant J 59:448–460
Zuo J, Niu QW, Frugis G, Chua NH (2002) The WUSCHEL gene promotes vegetative-to-embryonic transition in Arabidopsis. Plant J 30:349–359
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by a grant from the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, a grant from the President of Russia (MK-714.2008.4), grant from the Far East Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences (06-III-A-06-146), and a grant from the Russian Science Support Foundation.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kiselev, K.V., Turlenko, A.V. & Zhuravlev, Y.N. PgWUS expression during somatic embryo development in a Panax ginseng 2c3 cell culture expressing the rolC oncogene. Plant Growth Regul 59, 237–243 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10725-009-9409-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10725-009-9409-5