Abstract
There are conflicting reports over whether albumin is present in the Chondrichthyes. In addition, it is unknown whether given their low levels of extrahepatic β-oxidation, there is actually a need for a plasma FFA transport system. We examined the plasma of several Chondrichthyan species, including representatives of both the Holocephali and the Neoselachii using a combination of agarose gel electrophoresis, [14C]palmitic acid binding, SDS-PAGE, and Oil Red O staining following cellulose acetate electrophoresis. None of the eight species examined had a major acidic palmitate-binding protein with the characteristics of albumin and they all lacked proteins with the mass of albumin, 66 kDa. Palmitate was bound to specific plasma proteins in all elasmobranch species examined and these palmitate-binding proteins resembled lipoproteins based on their diffuse and variable mobilities and Oil Red O staining. These lipoproteins are potentially LDL and VLDL based on their migration positions. Albumin appears to be absent from Chondrichthyan plasma and lipoproteins bind LCFA in its absence.
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- AFP:
-
alpha-fetoprotein
- FAT:
-
fatty acid transport protein
- FFA:
-
free fatty acid
- HDL:
-
high-density lipoprotein
- LCAT:
-
lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase
- LCFA:
-
long chain fatty acid
- LDL:
-
low-density lipoprotein
- VLDL:
-
very low-density lipoprotein
- SDS-PAGE:
-
sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide electrophoresis
- TAG:
-
triacylglycerol
References
S. Ando M. Matsuzaki (1996) ArticleTitleA unique lipoprotein profile found in the plasma of cultured Japanese eel Anguilla japonica: Very low density lipoprotein, but not high density lipoprotein, is the main component of plasma Fish Physiol. Biochem. 15 469–479 Occurrence Handle10.1007/BF01874921 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK28Xns1entLs%3D
P.J. Babin (1987a) ArticleTitleApolipoproteins and the association of egg yolk proteins with plasma high density lipoproteins after ovulation and follicular atresia in the rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) J. Biol. Chem. 262 4290–4296 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaL2sXhvFeiu7g%3D
P.J. Babin (1987b) ArticleTitlePlasma lipoprotein and apolipoprotein distribution as a function of density in the rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) Biochem. J. 246 425–429 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaL2sXltlWht7k%3D
P.J. Babin J.M. Vernier (1989) ArticleTitlePlasma lipoproteins in fish J. Lipid Res. 30 467–489 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaL1MXktVCmsb4%3D Occurrence Handle2666541
J.S. Ballantyne (1997) ArticleTitleJaws: The inside story. The metabolism of elasmobranch fishes Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B. 118 703–742
J.S. Ballantyne H.C. Glemet M.E. Chamberlin T.D. Singer (1993) ArticleTitlePlasma nonesterified fatty-acids of marine teleost and elasmobranch fishes Mar. Biol. 116 47–52 Occurrence Handle10.1007/BF00350730 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK3sXltFektrs%3D
J.S. Ballantyne T.W. Moon (1986) ArticleTitleThe effects of urea, trimethylamine oxide and ionic-strength on the oxidation of acyl carnitines by mitochondria isolated from the liver of the little skate Raja erinacea J. Comp. Physiol. B. 156 845–851 Occurrence Handle10.1007/BF00694260 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaL2sXhtFGgs7k%3D
S.O. Brennan P.M. George R.J. Peach (1988) ArticleTitleCharacterisation of a slow component of normal human serum albumin Clin. Chim. Acta 176 179–184 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0009-8981(88)90205-7 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaL1cXmt1Gjs78%3D Occurrence Handle3180465
J. Browning (1978) ArticleTitleUrea levels in plasma and erythrocytes of Southern Fiddler Skate, Trygonorhina fasciata guanerius J. Exp. Zool. 203 325–330 Occurrence Handle10.1002/jez.1402030216 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaE1cXhtFyjtrs%3D Occurrence Handle624932
E.D. Bueker (1961) ArticleTitlePaper electrophoretic patterns of human serum proteins compared with those of lower forms Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 106 1–6
L. Byrnes F. Gannon (1990) ArticleTitleAtlantic salmon (Salmo salar) serum albumin: cDNA sequence, evolution, and tissue expression DNA Cell Biol. 9 647–655 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK3MXls1Knsg%3D%3D Occurrence Handle2261082
L. Byrnes F. Gannon (1992) ArticleTitleSequence analysis of a second cDNA encoding Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) serum albumin Gene 120 319–320 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0378-1119(92)90115-6 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK3sXks1Gru7w%3D Occurrence Handle1398147
M.J. Chapman (1980) ArticleTitleAnimal lipoproteins: chemistry, structure, and comparative aspects J. Lipid Res. 21 789–853 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaL3cXlvVWisb8%3D Occurrence Handle7003040
M.J. Chapman S. Goldstein G.L. Mills C. Leger (1978) ArticleTitleDistribution and characterization of the serum lipoproteins and their apoproteins in the rainbow trout (Salmo gairdnerii) Biochemistry 17 4455–4464 Occurrence Handle10.1021/bi00614a015 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaE1cXmtFSksLg%3D Occurrence Handle214102
C.B. Cowey J.R. Sargent (1977) ArticleTitleLipid Nutrition in Fish Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B. 57 269–273 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaE2sXlvVaqt7g%3D
M.H. Danis M.F. Filosa J.H. Youson (2000) ArticleTitleAn albumin-like protein in the serum of non-parasitic brook lamprey (Lampetra appendix) is restricted to preadult phases of the life cycle in contrast to the parasitic species Petromyzon marinus Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B. 127 251–260 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DC%2BD3M7jsVGhsw%3D%3D Occurrence Handle11079379
H. Smet ParticleDe R. Blust L. Moens (1998) ArticleTitleAbsence of albumin in the plasma of the common carp Cyprinus carpio: binding of fatty acids to high density lipoprotein Fish Physiol. Biochem. B. 19 71–81
F.C.I. Fellows F.J.R. Hird (1981) ArticleTitleFatty acid binding proteins in the serum of various animals Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B. 68B 83–87 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaL3MXhs12ks78%3D
F.C.I. Fellows J.R. Hird R.M. McLean T.I. Walker (1980) ArticleTitleA survey of the non-esterfied fatty acids and binding proteins in the plasmas of selected animals Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B. 67B 593–597 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaL3MXpvVahsQ%3D%3D
M.F. Filosa I. Adam P. Robson J.A. Heinig K. Smith F.W. Keeley J.H. Youson (1998) ArticleTitlePartial clone of the gene for AS protein of the lamprey Petromyzon marinus, a member of the albumin supergene family whose expression is restricted to the larval and metamorphic phases of the life cycle J. Exp. Zool. 282 301–309 Occurrence Handle10.1002/(SICI)1097-010X(19981015)282:3<301::AID-JEZ3>3.0.CO;2-Q Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXmtlOrurs%3D Occurrence Handle9755481
D. Gitlin A. Perricelli J.D. Gitlin (1973) ArticleTitleThe presence of serum alpha-fetoprotein in sharks and its synthesis by fetal gastrointestinal tract and liver Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B. 46 207–215 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaE3sXlt1equ7w%3D Occurrence Handle4127981
Z.Q. Gong C.L. Hew (1998) ArticleTitleTwo rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) albumin genes are differentially regulated DNA Cell Biol. 17 207–216 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXhs1Wrt7c%3D Occurrence Handle9502437
J.E. Gray R.F. Doolittle (1992) ArticleTitleCharacterization, primary structure, and evolution of lamprey plasma albumin Protein Sci. 1 289–302 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK3sXhvVKjt7Y%3D Occurrence Handle1304910
R.W. Griffith P.K.T. Pang K. Srivastava G.E. Pickford (1973) ArticleTitleSerum composition of freshwater stingrays (Potamotrygonidae) adapted to freshwater and dilute seawater Biol. Bull. 144 304–320 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaE3sXktFKjtr4%3D
G. Gunter L.L. Sulya B.E. Box (1961) ArticleTitleSome evolutionary patterns in fish blood Biol. Bull. 121 302–306
C. Harms T. Ross A. Segars (2002) ArticleTitlePlasma biochemistry reference values of wild bonnethead sharks, Sphyrna tiburo Vet. Clin. Pathol. 31 111–115 Occurrence Handle12189596
R.J. Henderson D.R. Tocher (1987) ArticleTitleThe lipid composition and biochemistry of fresh-water fish Prog. Lipid. Res. 26 281–347 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaL2sXlvFGitbg%3D Occurrence Handle3324105
H. Irisawa A.F. Irisawa (1954) ArticleTitleBlood serum protein of the marine Elasmobranchii Science 120 849–851 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaG2MXitFeiug%3D%3D Occurrence Handle13216181
H. Kondo I. Kawazoe M. Nakaya K. Kikuchi K. Aida S. Watabe (2001) ArticleTitleThe novel sequences of major plasma apolipoproteins in the eel Anguilla japonica Biochim. Biophys. Acta-Mol. Cell Biol. Lipids 1531 132–142 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXit1Shsbc%3D
H. Kondo K. Morinaga R. Misaki M. Nakaya S. Watabe (2005) ArticleTitleCharacterization of the pufferfish Takifugu rubripes apolipoprotein multigene family Gene 346 257–266 Occurrence Handle10.1016/j.gene.2004.11.015 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXitV2hu78%3D Occurrence Handle15716036
C. Kuyas M. Riley J. Bubis R.F. Doolittle (1983) ArticleTitleLamprey albumin is a glycoprotein with a molecular weight of 175 000 Fed. Proc. Am. Soc. Exp. Biol. 42 2085
U.K. Laemmli (1970) ArticleTitleCleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4 Nature 227 680–685 Occurrence Handle10.1038/227680a0 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXlsFags7s%3D Occurrence Handle5432063
A. Larsson R. Fange (1977) ArticleTitleCholesterol and free fatty acids (FFA) in blood of marine fish Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B. 57 191–196 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaE2sXlsVyqsLw%3D Occurrence Handle299632
C.J. Lauter E.A. Brown E.G. Trams (1968) ArticleTitleComposition of plasma lipoproteins of the spiny dogfish Squalus acanthias Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B. 24 243–247 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaF1cXjslWgsQ%3D%3D
Lehmann H. and Huntsman R.G. (1966). Electrophoresis. In: Man’s Hemoglobins. pp. 273–278. North Holland Publishing Group, Amsterdam.
V. Metcalf S. Brennan G. Chambers P. George (1998a) ArticleTitleThe albumins of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and brown trout (Salmo trutta) appear to lack a propeptide Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 350 239–244 Occurrence Handle10.1006/abbi.1997.0509 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXhtVWgsrc%3D
V.J. Metcalf S.O. Brennan G. Chambers P.M. George (1999a) ArticleTitleHigh density lipoprotein (HDL), and not albumin, is the major palmitate binding protein in New Zealand long-finned (Anguilla dieffenbachii) and short-finned eel (Anguilla australis schmidtii) plasma Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1429 467–475 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXosFWksA%3D%3D
V.J. Metcalf S.O. Brennan G.K. Chambers P.M. George (1998b) ArticleTitleThe albumin of the brown trout (Salmo trutta) is a glycoprotein Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1386 90–96 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXks1Krsbc%3D
V.J. Metcalf S.O. Brennan P.M. George (1999b) ArticleTitleThe Antarctic toothfish (Dissostichus mawsoni) lacks plasma albumin and utilises high density lipoprotein as its major palmitate binding protein Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B. 124 147–155 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DC%2BD3c%2FltFKrtQ%3D%3D
G.L. Mills C.E. Taylaur M.J. Chapman G.R. Forster (1977) ArticleTitleCharacterization of serum lipoproteins of the shark Centrophorus squamous Biochem. J. 163 455–465 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaE2sXltlSktLs%3D Occurrence Handle195575
C.D. Moyes L.T. Buck P.W. Hochachka (1990) ArticleTitleMitochondrial and peroxisomal fatty-acid oxidation in elasmobranchs Am. J. Physiol. 258 R756–R762 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK3cXitFCjtbg%3D Occurrence Handle2316720
H. Nakagawa M. Kayama (1978) ArticleTitleBiochemical studies on carp plasma protein-Ii Amino-acid composition of an albumin Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish 44 259–262 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaE1cXhvVCrtLY%3D
H. Nakagawa M. Kayama S. Asakawa (1976) ArticleTitleBiochemical studies on carp plasma-protein .1. Isolation and nature of an albumin Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish 42 677–685 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaE28Xkslektbg%3D
J.C. Nevenzel (1970) ArticleTitleOccurrence, function and biosynthesis of wax esters in marine organisms Lipids 5 308–319 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaE3cXktVWhtr0%3D Occurrence Handle4392482
J.C. Nevenzel (1989) Biogenic hydrocarbons of marine organisms R.G. Ackman (Eds) Marine Biogenic Lipids. EditionNumberVol. 1 CRC Press Boca Raton, FL 3–71
T. Peters SuffixJr. L.K. Davidson (1991) ArticleTitleIsolation and properties of a fatty acid-binding protein from the Pacific lamprey (Lampetra tridentata) Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B. 99 619–623 Occurrence Handle1769209
L.E. Rasmussen R.A. Rasmussen (1967) Comparative protein and enzyme profiles of the cerebrospinal fluid, extradural fluid, nervous tissue and sera of elasmobranchs P.W. Gilbert R.F. Mathewson D.P. Rall (Eds) Sharks, Skates and Rays The Johns Hopkins Press Baltimore 219–361
J.G. Richards G.J.F. Heigenhauser C.M. Wood (2003) ArticleTitleExercise and recovery metabolism in the pacific spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias) J. Comp. Physiol. B. 173 463–474 Occurrence Handle10.1007/s00360-003-0354-8 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXmtFGmtr0%3D Occurrence Handle12851779
G.V. Richieri A. Anel A.M. Kleinfeld (1993) ArticleTitleInteractions of long-chain fatty acids and albumin: determination of free fatty acid levels using the fluorescent probe ADIFAB Biochemistry 32 7574–7580 Occurrence Handle10.1021/bi00080a032 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK3sXks1KjsL8%3D Occurrence Handle8338853
A. Santulli C. Messina A. Modica A. Curatolo V. Damelio (1996) ArticleTitleLipid and apolipoprotein composition of lipoproteins of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L) Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B. 114 321–326
J.R. Sargent R.J. Henderson D.R. Toche (1976) The lipids J.E. Halver (Eds) Fish Nutrition Academic Press San Diego, CA 153–218
A.A. Spector (1984) ArticleTitlePlasma lipid transport Clin. Physiol. Biochem. 2 123–134 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaL2cXhsFChsb4%3D Occurrence Handle6386279
A.A. Spector J.E. Fletcher (1978) Disturbances in Lipid and Lipoprotein Metabolism Waverley Press Baltimore, MD
L.L. Sulya B.E. Box G. Gunter (1960) ArticleTitleDistribution of some blood consitituents in fishes from the Gulf of Mexico Am. J. Physiol. 199 1177–1180 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaF3MXksVOmtQ%3D%3D
L.L. Sulya B.E. Box G. Gunter (1961) ArticleTitlePlasma proteins in the blood of fishes from the Gulf of Mexico Am. J. Physiol. 200 152–154 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaF3MXmtFSqug%3D%3D
D.R. Tocher (2003) ArticleTitleMetabolism and functions of lipids and fatty acids in teleost fish Rev. Fish. Sci. 11 107–184 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXlvFelsr8%3D
D. Voet J.G. Voet (1995) Biochemistry Wiley New York
H. Vorum R. Brodersen (1994) ArticleTitleAdsorption and physical state of medium-chain and long-chain fatty-acids in neutral aqueous buffer solution Chem. Phys. Lipids 74 43–48 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK2MXitlWrur4%3D
H. Vorum R. Brodersen U. Kragh-Hansen A.O. Pedersen (1992) ArticleTitleSolubility of long-chain fatty acids in phosphate buffer at pH 7.4 Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1126 135–142 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK38Xks1Gisbw%3D Occurrence Handle1627615
T. Watanabe (1982) ArticleTitleLipid Nutrition in Fish Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B. 73 3–15
R.R. Watson K.A. Dickson (2001) ArticleTitleEnzyme activities support the use of liver lipid-derived ketone bodies as aerobic fuels in muscle tissues of active sharks Physiol. Biochem. Zool. 74 273–282 Occurrence Handle10.1086/319667 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XmvVams74%3D Occurrence Handle11247746
T. Yanagisawa K. Hashimoto (1984a) ArticleTitlePlasma Albumins in Elasmobranchs Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 50 1083–1083 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaL2cXlsVygs7s%3D
T. Yanagisawa K. Hashimoto (1984b) ArticleTitleProperties and Functions of Yellowtail Plasma Albumins Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 50 627–633 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaL2cXktlKhtbk%3D
V.A. Zammit E.A. Newsholme (1979) ArticleTitleActivities of enzymes of fat and ketone body metabolism and effects of starvation on blood concentrations of glucose and fat fuels in teleost and elasmobranch fish Biochem. J. 184 313–322 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaL3cXhsVelsr8%3D Occurrence Handle534530
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Metcalf, V.J., Gemmell, N.J. Fatty Acid Transport in Cartilaginous Fish: Absence of Albumin and Possible Utilization of Lipoproteins. Fish Physiol Biochem 31, 55–64 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10695-005-5124-y
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10695-005-5124-y