Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Characterizing and optimizing adsorption for olive mill wastewater processing in Loukkos, Morocco

  • Research
  • Published:
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The present research consists of studying the characterization and treatment of the olive mill wastewater (OMWW) resulting from the olive industries of the region of Loukkos, Morocco. According to the national plan for green Morocco, the annual volumes of OMWW discharges increase with the expansion of the areas of olive plantations compared to agricultural activities. The study of the organic, mineral, and microbiological composition of the obtained OMWW showed that they are rich in microbiological (FMAT, Let M., and B.L.), mineral (total Kjeldhal nitrogen, orthophosphate, total phosphorus, sodium, potassium, calcium, copper, iron, zinc, manganese, and lead ions), and organic (COD, BOD5, and polyphenols) micropollutants with very high percentages that are higher than the standards in force. The treatment used in this study is the combined process of aerated lagooning/adsorption using powdered activated carbon after optimization of the experimental parameters (mass concentration of activated carbon (AC) and agitation rapidity (Ar)) by experiment design method. The obtained physicochemical parameters, such as pH, total suspended solids (TSS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), rate of discoloration, and polyphenol content of raw OMWW, were 4.87, 0.63, 80.3, 0.8, and 1.45 g/l, respectively. The results of these parameters for the treated OMWW were obtained in the order of 6.10, 0.22, 28, 0.28, and 0.44 g/l for pH, TSS, COD, discoloration rate, and polyphenol content, respectively. These results show that the proposed treatment significantly reduced acidity, TSS, COD, discoloration rate, and polyphenol contents, with a performance of about 25.26, 65, 65.13, 65, and 69.65%, respectively. This indicates that there is significant performance in the processing of exploited OMWW.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

References

  • Abba, E., Nassali, H., Benabid, M., El Ayadi, R., & El Ibaoui, H. (2010). Contribution a l’étude physicochimique de l’écosystème lacustre Dayet Aoua au Maroc. Afrique Science: Revue Internationale Des Sciences et Technologie, 4(2), 306–317. https://doi.org/10.4314/afsci.v4i2.61691

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Achak, M., Mandi, L., & Ouazzani, N. (2009). Removal of organic pollutants and nutrients from olive mill wastewater by a sand filter. Journal of Environmental Management, 90(8), 2771–2779. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JENVMAN.2009.03.012

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Achak, M., Ouazzani, N., Yaacoubi, A., & Mandi, L. (2008). Modern olive mill effluent characterization and their treatment by coagulation-floculation using lime and aluminium sulphate. Revue des Sciences de l’Eau, 21(1), 53–67.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Benaddi, R., Aziz, F., El Harfi, K., & Naaila, O. N. (2021). Adsorption and desorption studies of phenolic compounds on hydroxyapatite-sodium alginate composite. Desalination and Water Treatment, 220, 297–308.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Benaddi, R., Bouriqi, A., Aziz, F., El Harfi, K., & Ouazzani, N. (2023). Treatment of olive mill wastewater by adsorption on hydroxyapatite-sodium alginate composite. International Journal of Environmental Science and Development, 13(6), 251–256.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Benaddi, R., El Harfi, K., Aziz, F., Berrekhis, F., & Ouazzani, N. (2020). Removal of phenolic compounds from synthetic solution and oil mill waste water by adsorption onto nanoparticles synthesized from phosphate rock. Journal of Surface Science and Technology, 36(1-2), 39–51. https://doi.org/10.18311/jsst/2020/23780

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Benaddi, R., Osmane, A., Zidan, K., El Harfi, K., & Ouazzani, N. (2023b). A review on processes for olive mill waste water treatment. Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology, 24(7), 196–207. https://doi.org/10.12912/27197050/169876

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Benaddi, R., Osmane, A., Zidan, K., El Harfi, K., & Ouazzani, N. (2023c). A review on on the adsorption of phenol derivatives from wastewater. Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology, 24(4), 35–43. https://doi.org/10.12912/27197050/162059

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Berradi, M., & El Harfi, A. (2016). Review of the pollution of surface water by effluents from the textile finishing industry. Journal of Water Sciences & Environment Technologies, 2016(01), 76–82.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buhungu, S., Montchowui, E., Barankanira, E., Sibomana, C., Ntakimazi, G., & Bonou, C. A. (2018). Caractérisation spatio-temporelle de la qualité de l’eau de la rivière Kinyankonge, affluent du Lac Tanganyika, Burundi. International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences, 12(1), 576. https://doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v12i1.44

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Doubi, M., Dermaj, A., & B, A. I. T. H., Chebabe, D., Erramli, H., Hajjaji, N., & A, A. S. (2013). Contribution a L ’ Etude Physico -Chimique De L ’ Oued Moulouya Et U N Affluent Au Niveau De La Region D ’. Outat El Ha J, 3, 91–104.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eddaoukhi, A., Berradi, M., El Rhayam, Y., Rissouli, L., El Yacoubi, A., Eddaoukhi, A., Berradi, O., Sallek, B., El Bachiri, A., & Nassali, H. (2023b). Aerated lagoon/adsorption combination methods for the treatment of olive mill wastewater: Optimizing parameters using study design. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 195(9), 1111.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eddaoukhi, A., Berradi, M., El Yacoubi, A., El Mokhtar, M., Berradi, O., Grou, M., Amrani, A., Bouraada, K., Nassali, H., El Bachiri, A., Habsaoui, A., & Rifi, E. H. (2023a). Spatiotemporal assessment of the impact of olive-growing industry effluent on the Elmakhazine wadi dam in the Loukkos region (Morocco). Investigations into physicochemical, bacterial, and statistical processes. Materials Today: Proceedings, 72, 3875–3881. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.MATPR.2022.10.123

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • El Rhaouat, O., Fareh, M., Sarhan, B., Benyouf, S. A., Chiguer, H., Rochdi, M., Ould Abdlkader, C., El Kharrim, K., & Belghyti, D. (2014). Etude statistique et physico-chimique des margines d’extraction d’huile d’olive de la ville Sidi Kacem [ Statistical and physic-chemical study of the wastewater olive mill of Sidi Kacem city ]. International Journal of Innovation and Applied Studies, 9(2), 757–764 http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/

    Google Scholar 

  • Elayadi, F., Achak, M., Boumya, W., Elamraoui, S., Barka, N., Lamy, E., Beniich, A., & El Adlouni, C. (2023). Factorial design statistical analysis and optimization of the adsorptive removal of COD from olive mill wastewater using sugarcane bagasse as a Low-Cost adsorbent. Water, 15(8), 1630.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • El-Emam, D. A. (2023). Olive mill wastewater: Treatment and valorization. In S. Souabi & A. Anouzla (Eds.), Wastewater from olive oil production. Springer Water. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-23449-1_2

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Esmail, A., Abed, H., Firdaous, M., Chahboun, N., Mennane, Z., Berny, E. H., & Ouhssine, M. (2014). Physico-chemical and microbiological study of oil mill wastewater (OMW) from three different regions of Morocco Ouazzane, Fes Boulman and Béni Mellal. Journal of Materials and Environmental Science, 5(1), 121–126 https://www.jmaterenvironsci.com/Document/vol5/vol5_N1/14-JMES-519-2013-Abeer.pdf

    Google Scholar 

  • Es-Sahbany, H., Berradi, M., Nkhili, S., Hsissou, R., Allaoui, M., Loutfi, M., Bassir, D., Belfaquir, M., & El Youbi, M. S. (2019). Removal of heavy metals (nickel) contained in wastewater-models by the adsorption technique on natural clay. Materials Today: Proceedings, 13, 866–875. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.MATPR.2019.04.050

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fagrouh, A., Berrahou, A., El Halouani, H., & Chafi, A. (2012). Etude d’impact des eaux usées de la ville de Taourirt sur la qualité physico-chimique des eaux de l’Oued ZA. Larhyss Journal, 11(ISSN 1112-3680), 63–77.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gao, X. K., Low, T. S., Liu, Z. J., & Chen, S. X. (2002). Robust design for torque optimization using response surface methodology. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, 38(2 I), 1141–1144. https://doi.org/10.1109/20.996292

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Larif, M., Soulaymani, A., Hnach, M., & El Midaout, A. (2013a). Contamination spatio-temporelle d’origine hydrique de l’oued Boufekrane dans la région de Meknès-Tafilalt (Maroc). International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences, 7(1), 172. https://doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v7i1.14

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Larif, M., Soulaymani, A., & Elmidaoui, A. (2013b). Evaluation spatio-temporelle du degré de la pollution industrielle oléicole sur les cours d’eaux de l’oued Boufekrane dans la région de Meknès-Tafilalt (Maroc) [Spatio-temporal assessment of the degree of industrial pollution on Olive waterways of the Bou]. Journal of Materials and Environmental Science, 4(3), 432–441.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Larif, Majdouline, Soulaymani, A., Hnach, M.,i Elmdaoui, A., & others. (2012). Olive wastewaters’ impact on Oued Boufekrane in Meknes-Tafilalet. American Journal of Environmental Sciences, 8(3), 236–240.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Louvet, F., & Delplanque, L. (2005). Les Plans d’Expériences par la méthode Taguchi Expérimentique.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lundstedt, T., Seifert, E., Abramo, L., Thelin, B., Nyström, Å., Pettersen, J., & Bergman, R. (1998). Experimental design and optimization. Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems, 42(1–2), 3–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-7439(98)00065-3

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morhit, M. E. L., Fekhaoui, M., Serghini, A., Blidi, S. E. L., Abidi, A. E. L., Yahyaoui, A., Hachimi, M., V-agdal, U. M., Scientifique, I., De Zoologie, L., De Pollution, U., & Agdal, B. P. (2012). Étude de l ’ évolution spatio-temporelle des paramètres hydrologiques caractérisant la qualité des eaux de l ’ estuaire du Loukkos (Maroc). Bulletin de l’Institut Scientifique, Rabat, Section Sciences de La Vie, 34(2), 151–162.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nitiema, L. W., Boubacar, S., Dramane, Z., Kabore, A., Noël, P. J., Traoré, A. S., & Dianou, D. (2013). Microbial quality of wastewater used in urban truck farming and health risks issues in developing countries: Case study of Ouagadougou in Burkina Faso. Journal of Environmental Protection, 04(06), 575–584. https://doi.org/10.4236/jep.2013.46067

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ochando-Pulido, J. M., Vellido-Pérez, J. A., González-Hernández, R., & Martínez-Férez, A. (2020). Optimization and modeling of two-phase olive-oil washing wastewater integral treatment and phenolic compounds recovery by novel weak-base ion exchange resins. Separation and Purification Technology, 249, 117084.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ouabou, E., Anouar, A., Hilali, S., et al. (2014). The treatment of olive oil mill wastewater by distillation followed by neutralization with lime. Journal of Applied Biosciences, 79, 6867–6872.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ouedrhiri, M., Jaaouan, K., El Mohtadi, F., Benismail, C., & Begdouri, A. A. (2018). Charbons actifs à partir des coques d ’ olives ( Picholine marocaine ): préparation , caractérisation et évaluation de leur capacité de dépollution des margines. Revue Marocaine des Sciences Agronomiques et Vétérinaires, 6(3), 362–373.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramón Aparicio, J. H. (2013). Handbook of olive oil. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7777-8

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Rifi, S. K., Souabi, S., El Fels, L., Driouich, A., Nassri, I., Haddaji, C., & Hafidi, M. (2022). Optimization of coagulation process for treatment of olive oil mill wastewater using Moringa oleifera as a natural coagulant, CCD combined with RSM for treatment optimization. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 162, 406–418.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sadif, N., Mountadar, M., & Hanafi, F. (2008). Traitement des margines par électrocoagulation. Environnement, Ingénierie \& Développement, Ntextdeg, 8–12. https://doi.org/10.4267/dechets-sciences-techniques.1448

  • Sbai, G., & Loukli, M. (2015). Traitement Electrochimiques Des Margines Et Identification Des Composes Avant Et Apres Traitement Par Chromatographie En Phase Gaseuse Couplée Par Spectroscopie De Masse. June, 139–152.

  • Seferoglu, S. (2011). Effects of olive oil solid waste on growth and nutrient uptake of faba bean, onion, and radish plants. African Journal of Biotechnology, 10(34), 6510–6515. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJB11.277

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Slim, K., Atoui, A., & Temsah, M. (2013). Impact des rejets de margines sur la qualité des eaux du Nahr Hasbani ( Sud Liban ) par référence spéciale aux indices diatomiques. Nature & Technologie, 2–12.

  • Tsagaraki, E., Lazarides, H. N., & Petrotos, K. B. (2007). Olive mill wastewater treatment. In V. Oreopoulou & W. Russ (Eds.), Utilization of by-products and treatment of waste in the food industry (pp. 133–157). Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Wiesman, Z. (2009). The current status of and major trends in the world olive oil industry. Desert Olive Oil Cultivation.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Zahari, A., Tazi, A., & Azzi, M. (2014). Optimization of treatment conditions of olive oil mill wastewater by superoxidant K 3 Fe x Mn y O 8. Journal of Materials and Environmental Science, 5(2), 484–489.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zghari, B., Benyoucef, F., & Boukir, A. (2018). Impact Environnemental Des Margines Sur Les Eaux D ’ Oued Oussefrou : Caracterisation Physico-Chimique Et Evaluation Par Chromatographie Gazeuse Couplee a La Spectrometrie De masse (CPG-SM). American Journal of Innovative Research and Applied Sciences, 7(4), 276–291.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory of Advanced Materials and Process Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Tofaïl University, P.O. Box 14000, Kenitra, Morocco

    Abdesselam Eddaoukhi, Mohamed Grou, Ahmed El Yacoubi & Hakima Nassali

  2. Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Catalysis and Environment, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Tofaïl University, P.O. Box 14000, Kenitra, Morocco

    Mohamed Berradi, Youssef El Rhayam & Abderrahim El Bachiri

  3. Laboratory of Physico-Chemistry Materials, Natural Substances and Environment, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Abdel Malek University Essaadi, P.O. Box 416, 9000, Tangier, Morocco

    Lama Rissouli

  4. Laboratory of Pesticide Residues, Unit of Research on Nuclear Techniques, Environment and Quality, Regional Center for Agronomic Research of National Institute for Agronomic Research, P.O. Box 9010, Tangier, Morocco

    Lama Rissouli

  5. Laboratory of Chemistry, Environment, and Chemistry of Solid Minerals, Faculty of Sciences, Mohamed First University, P.O. Box 524, 60000, Oujda, Morocco

    Ahmed El Yacoubi

  6. Department of Life Sciences, Polydisciplinary Faculty of Larache, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, P.O. Box 93000, Tetaouan, Morocco

    Khalid Bouraada

  7. Laboratory of Environmental Technologies, Biotechnology and Valorization of Bio-resources, Faculty of Science and Technology of Al-Houceima, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, P.O. Box 93000, Tetaouan, Morocco

    Mohammed Hassani Zerrouk

  8. University Department, Royal Naval School of Marine Engineering, Boulevard Sour-Jdid, P.O. Box 16314, 20000, Casablanca, Morocco

    Abderrahim El Bachiri

Authors
  1. Abdesselam Eddaoukhi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Mohamed Berradi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Youssef El Rhayam
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Lama Rissouli
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Mohamed Grou
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Ahmed El Yacoubi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Khalid Bouraada
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Mohammed Hassani Zerrouk
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Abderrahim El Bachiri
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. Hakima Nassali
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

All authors contributed to the conception and design of the present paper. Abdesselam Eddaoukhi and Mohamed Berradi: conceptualization, writing — original draft, writing — review and editing; Ahmed El Yacoubi: methodology, investigation, formal analysis, software, writing — original draft, writing — review and editing; Lama Rissouli, Mohamed Grou, and Youssef Elrhayam: methodology, investigation, formal analysis and software; Khalid Bouraada and Mohamed Hassani Zerrouk: conceptualization, writing — original draft, writing; Hakima Nassali and Abderrahim El Bachiri: visualization, supervision, validation, and resources. All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Mohamed Berradi or Ahmed El Yacoubi.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher’s note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Eddaoukhi, A., Berradi, M., El Rhayam, Y. et al. Characterizing and optimizing adsorption for olive mill wastewater processing in Loukkos, Morocco. Environ Monit Assess 196, 25 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-023-12179-5

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-023-12179-5

Keywords

Search

Navigation