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Environmental implications of phosphate-based fertilizer industrial waste and its management practices

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Abstract

During the green revolution in the mid-twentieth century, the consumption of inorganic phosphorous and phosphate-based fertilizers (P-fertilizers) in the developing world skyrocketed, resulting in a proliferation of P-fertilizer industries. Phosphate-based fertilizer industries are ranked among the most environment-polluting industries. The worldwide phosphorus market, which was 68.5 million metric tons in 2020, is expected to increase at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 2.5% to 81 million metric tons by 2027. The release of untreated hazardous pollutants from these fertilizer industries into the soil, water, and atmosphere has resulted in severe environmental health issues. Excessive surface runoff of phosphorus from agricultural fields and its deposition in water promote the growth of algae and macrophytes and lower dissolved oxygen concentration through eutrophication, which is detrimental to aquatic life. Fluorides (F−) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) and/or heavy metals (potentially toxic elements, PTEs) are also detected in the emissions from these fertilizer industries. The main solid waste generated from the phospho-gypsum plant produced up to 5 tons of di-hydrogen phosphate (H2PO4), including PTEs and radioactive substances. Phosphates and fluorenes from these industries are usually disposed of as sludge in storage ponds or trash piles. Humans inhaling poisonous gases released from the P-fertilizer industries can develop hepatic failure, autoimmune diseases, pulmonary disorders, and other health problems. The objectives of this review are to provide guidelines for eliminating the bottleneck pollutions that occur from the phosphate-based fertilizer industries and explore the management practices for its green development.

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Acknowledgements

We, the authors, are thankful to the University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan, for providing access to the digital libraries from where the published articles were accessed.

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  1. Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan

    Noman Ahmad, Hamaad Raza Ahmad, Muhammad Sabir, Zia Ur Rahman Farooqi & Muhammad Tahir Shehzad

  2. Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development On Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, People’s Republic of China

    Muhammad Usman

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Mr. N. Ahmad, M. Usman, and Z. Farooqi have collected the published material and extracted the material for preparing this review article. Dr. H. Ahmad and M. Sabir supervised the whole process of preparation, writing, and critically reviewing the manuscript. Dr. Shehzad has prepared the figures and tables included in the article and taken the final review.

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Ahmad, N., Usman, M., Ahmad, H.R. et al. Environmental implications of phosphate-based fertilizer industrial waste and its management practices. Environ Monit Assess 195, 1326 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-023-11958-4

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