Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Spatial and seasonal distribution of pesticides in the waters of Azagny area (Grand Lahou, Cote d’Ivoire)

  • Research
  • Published:
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This study provides comprehensive data on the seasonal variation and distribution of pesticides in the waters bordering Azagny National Park (ANP). Forty-six (46) samples of water from the Azagny area were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with a UV/visible detector to assess the level of thirty-one pesticide molecules divided into six families. These include triazines, phenylureas, organophosphates, carbamates, chloroacetanilides, dicarboximides, and crimidine, which are regularly used in this area. The respective average concentrations of pesticides are 54.54 µg//L, 20.93 µg/L, 18.24 µg/L, 3.06 µg/L, and 16.52 µg/L in the Bandama, Azagny Canal, ANP, mangroves, and estuarine environment. The analyses also showed that herbicides were the most abundant pesticides in the three waters, Bandama, Azagny Canal, and Azagny Park, with levels of 100%, 63%, and 59%, respectively, followed by insecticides with a levels of 0%, 37%, and 41%, respectively. However, rodenticides (76%) were more frequently detected than herbicides (24% in the mangroves). Regarding seasonal variation, high levels of pesticides were detected in the Bandama River, the Azagny Canal, and the mangroves during the dry season, while multiple pesticide residues were detected during the rainy season. The waters bordering Azagny National Park (ANP) are contaminated with pesticide residues (triazines, phenylureas, organophosphates, carbamates, and chloroacetanilides). As a result, policymakers should implement measures to regularly monitor pesticide levels in plantations surrounding the Azagny region’s waters in order to better preserve biodiversity.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4

Similar content being viewed by others

Availability of data and materials

Not applicable.

Code availability

Not applicable.

References

  • Adingra, A. A., & Kouassi, A. M. (2011). Pollution in the Ebrié lagoon and its impacts on the environment and neighboring populations. F. Tech. & Doc. Vulg., 48–53.

  • Agricultural Master Plan. (1992). Master plan update report, Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Resources (Cote d’Ivoire), 170p.

  • Avenard, J. M., Eldin, M., Girard, G., Sircoulon, J., Touchebeuf, P., Guillaumet, J. L., Adjanohoun, E., & Perard, A. (1971). The natural environment of Côte d’Ivoire. ORSTOM thesis, n ° 50, Paris, France, 392p.

  • Bedos, C., Cellier, P., Calvet, R., Barriuso, E., & Gabrielle, B. (2002). Mass transfer of pesticides into the atmosphere by volatilization from soils and plants: Overview. Agronomie, 22(1), 21–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dasgupta, S., Banerjee, K., Utture, S., Kusari, P., Wagh, S., Dhumal, K., Kolekar, S., Adsule, P. G. (2011). Extraction of pesticides, dioxin-like PCBs and PAHs in water based commodities using liquid–liquid microextraction and analysis by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A, 1218, 6780–6791. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2011.07.043

  • European Commission Directorate General Health and Consumer Protection. (2010). Guidance document on pesticides residue analytical methods, in: Directorate General Health and Consumer Protection (Ed), p. 27.

  • Ferragu, C., Tron, I., & Bompays, S. (2010). Pesticides and health: State of knowledge on chronic effects in 2009. Regional Health Observatory of Brittany, 120.

  • Fleischer, G., Andoll, V., Coulibaly, M., & Randolph, T. (1998). Socio-economic analysis of the pesticide industry in Cote d’Ivoire. Ministry of Agriculture and Animals Resources, Abidjan, Vol. 06/F, 72 p.

  • Gnagbo, A. (2015). - Diversity and distribution of vascular epiphytes in the coastal forests of Cote d’Ivoire: Case of the Azagny National Park. Doctoral thesis, UFR Biosciences, Félix Houphouet-Boigny University, Abidjan, Cote d’Ivoire, 208 p.

  • Gnonsoro, U. P., Koffi, M. Y., Brou, L. Y., N’guessan, L. B. K., Ardjouma, D., Soro, B. M., Aka, M. K., & Albert, T. (2016). Aldicarbe et crimidine dans les eaux et les sédiments aux alentours de la décharge municipale d’Akouédo (Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire): Niveaux et fréquences de contamination. International Journal Biological Chemical Sciences, 10(1), 400–411. https://doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v10i1.30

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gomgnimbou, A. P. K., Savadogo, P. W., Niango, A. J., & Milogo-Rasolodimby, J. (2009). Use of the chemical products in a tropical agrosystem: Diagnosis of the risk of environmental pollution in the cotton area of eastern Burkina Faso. Biotechnology Agronomy Society about, 13(4), 499–507.

    Google Scholar 

  • Groga, N., Ouattara, A., Da Costa, S., Douta, A., Beauchard, O., Moreau, J., Gourène, G., & Lafaille, P. (2012). Water quality and water use conflicts in Lake Taabo (Cote d’Ivoire). Open Journal of Ecology, 38–47.

  • Hampoh, A. H., Ehouman, A. G. S., Brou, K., Traoré, K. S., Koné, M., & Dembélé, A. (2014). Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) contamination level in fresh fish caught in the Grand Lahou lagoon (Cote d’Ivoire). European Scientific Journal, 10(27), 116–131.

    Google Scholar 

  • John R. Cox. (2008). Sampling for the analysis of pesticide residues, Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich at Medway, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, Royaume- Uni, and pp125 – 147.

  • Koffi, K. A. D., Gnagbo, A., Kouamé, D., Koffi, A. B., & Adou Yao, C. Y. (2017). Forest dynamic after abandoning cocoa farming in the Azagny National Park (Southern Côte d’Ivoire). Global Journal of Advanced Research, 4(3), 108–119.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kolpin, D. W., Skopec, M., Meyer, M. T., Furlong, E. T., & Zaugg, S. D. (2004). Urban contribution of pharmaceuticals and other organic wastewater contaminants to streams during differing flow conditions. Science of the Total Environment, 328(1–3), 119–130.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kouamé, D., Adou Yao, C. Y., Nandjui, A., & N’Guessan, K. E. (2010). The role of the elephant in the germination of seeds of Irvingia gabonensis (Irvingiaceae), Balanites wilsoniana (Balanitaceae), Parinari excelsa (Chrysobalanaceae) and Sacoglottis gabonensis (Humiriaceae) in tropical forest: Case of Azagny National Park in Cote d’Ivoire. International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences, 4(5), 1442–1454.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kouamé, K. A., Kouamé, K. F., Kouassi, A. M., Oulare, S., Adon, G. C. R., & Bernier, M. (2011). Establishment of a database for distributed hydrological modeling of the Bandama watershed (Cote d’Ivoire): Contribution of a digital elevation model, remote sensing and GIS Physitel. Africa Science, 7(2), 94–114.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lévêque, C., Dejoux, C., & Itis, A. (1983). Limnology of the Bandama River (Ivory Coast). ORSTOM, Hydrobiologia, 100, 113–141.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mahrh. (2007). Guide document of the green revolution, ecological consequences Edition Quae, Paris, 98p.

  • MINEEF. (2006). National implementation plan for the stockholm convention on persistent organic pollutants. Report, 157 p.

  • Murcia, F., Menach, K., & Pardon, P. (2010). Multi-residue approach for monitoring pesticides in different compartments (water, sediment, oysters) of the aquatic environment of the Arcachon basin Laboratory. In “IFREMER DEL/AR” Quai du commandant Silouhette, 33120 Arcachon, France University of Bordeaux 1, (2010).

  • OECD. (2011). Evaluation of agricultural policy reforms in the European Union. OECD project report, 174p. Retrieve October 15, 2013, from www.oecd.org/publications/evaluation-of-agricultural-policy-reforms-in-the european-union-9789264112124-en.htm

  • Ouffoué, K. S., Salla, M., Kicho, D. Y., Soro, D., Da, K. P., & Tonzibo, Z. F. (2013). Water quality assessment of the coastal tropical river’s boubo (Cote d’Ivoire): Physico – chemical and biological aspects. Journal of Environment Pollution and Human Health, 1(2), 9–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sanborn, M., Cole, D., Kerr, K., Akil, C., Sanin, L. H., & Bassil, K. (2004). Pesticides literature review (p. 130p). Ontario College of Family Physicians, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schiavon, M. (1980). Contribution to the study of the movement and degradation of atrazine in two drained agricultural soils. Interaction organic matter-herbicide. Thèse de doctorat essciences. INPL Nancy, 193p.

  • Schwarzenbach, R. P., Escher, B. I., Fenner, K., Hofstetter, T. B., Johnson, C. A., Von Gunten, U., & Wehrli, B. (2006). The challenge of micropollutants in aquatic systems. Science, 313(5790), 1072–1077.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sébastien, O. K., Moreto, S. A. L. L. A., Yapo, K. D., Didiomon, S. O. R. O., Philippe, D. K., & Félix, T. Z. (2013). Water quality assessment of the coastal tropical river’Sboubo (Côte d’Ivoire): Physico-chemical and biological aspects. Journal of Environment Pollution and Human Health, 1(2), 9–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Siriki, K., Yao, K. M., Gnonsoro, U. P., & Trokourey, A. (2021). Transboundary river water pesticide pollution in historical agriculture areas in West Africa: A case study in the Comoe, Bia, and Tanoe rivers (Cote d’Ivoire). Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 14(20), 1–15.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Snyder, S. A., Villeneuve, D. L., Snyder, E. M., & Giesy, J. P. (2001). Identification and quantification of estrogen receptor agonists in wastewater effluents. Environmental Science and Technology, 35(18), 3620–3625.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Traoré, A., Ahoussi, K., Aka, N., Traoré, A., & Soro, N. (2015). Level of pesticide contamination in the waters of Aghien and Potou lagoons (South-East of Cote d’Ivoire). International Journal of Pure Applied Bioscience, 3(4), 312–322.

    Google Scholar 

  • Traoré, K. (1996). State of knowledge on Ivorian inland fisheries. Consultation report April 1996. Project F.A.O. TCP/IVC/4553, 135 p.

  • Traoré, S. K., Mamadou, K., Dembele, A., Lafrance, P., Mazellier, P., & Houenou, P. (2006). Contamination of groundwater by pesticides in agricultural regions in Cote d’Ivoire (central, southern and southwest). African Journal of Environmental Sciences, 1, 1–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yao, K. S., Atsé, B. C., & Trokourey. A. (2020). Evaluation of the impact of pesticide contamination of the waters of sectors IV and V of the Ebrié lagoon (Ivory Coast) on fish and human health. RAMReS Sciences des Structures et de la Matière, (2), 59–74.

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Université Félix Houphouët Boigny, Laboratoire d’Hydrobiologie et Éco-technologie des Eaux, 22 BP 582, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire

    Ehounoud Hermann Narcisse N’dohou, N.’zi Konan Gervais, Kamelan Tanoh Marius & Kouamélan Essetchi Paul

  2. Université Alassane Ouattara, Département des Sciences et Techniques, BP V 18, Bouaké, Côte d’Ivoire

    Gnonsoro Urbain Paul

  3. Centre de Recherches Océanologiques (CRO), BP V 18, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire

    Ehounoud Hermann Narcisse N’dohou & Yao Koffi Marcellin

Authors
  1. Ehounoud Hermann Narcisse N’dohou
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. N.’zi Konan Gervais
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Gnonsoro Urbain Paul
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Kamelan Tanoh Marius
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Yao Koffi Marcellin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Kouamélan Essetchi Paul
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

Ehounoud Hermann Narcisse N’dohou, N’zi Konan Gervais, Gnonsoro Urbain Paul, and Yao Koffi Marcellin defined and designed the work and the experiment and wrote the manuscript. Gnonsoro Urbain Paul, Kamelan Tanoh Marius, and Kouamélan Essetchi Paul revised the manuscript critically. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Gnonsoro Urbain Paul.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

N’dohou, E.H.N., Gervais, N.K., Paul, G.U. et al. Spatial and seasonal distribution of pesticides in the waters of Azagny area (Grand Lahou, Cote d’Ivoire). Environ Monit Assess 195, 626 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-023-11179-9

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-023-11179-9

Keywords

Search

Navigation