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Tsunami inundation maps for the northwest of Peninsular Malaysia and demarcation of affected electrical assets

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Abstract

The massive destruction and loss caused by the 2004 Sumatra–Andaman tsunami were attributed to the lack of knowledge on tsunami and low regional detection and communication systems for early warning in that region. This study aimed to identify locations at risk of impending tsunami from Andaman Sea for the safety of community and proper development planning at the coastal areas by providing an updated and revised inundation maps. The last study on this area was conducted several years ago which open the possibility to new findings. Generated by tsunami simulation models, the maps illustrate the extent and level of inundation to which the coastal community and infrastructure would be subjected. As a result of coastal changes and availability of better topographic data, the existing inundation maps for the coastal areas of northwest Peninsular Malaysia at risk to impending tsunami from the Andaman Sea are revised. This paper documented the computational setup leading to the generation of the revised inundation maps. The tsunami simulation model TUNA was used to simulate the generation, propagation, and subsequent run-up and inundation of tsunamis triggered by earthquakes of moment magnitudes (Mw) 8.5, 9.0, and 9.25 along the Sunda Trench. From the simulations, it was found that at Mw 9.25, Balik Pulau, Pulau Pinang would be subjected to inundation of as far as 3.47 km with 5.40-m-deep inundation at the highest section.

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Abbreviations

SWE:

Shallow water equations

NSWE:

Nonlinear shallow water equations

TUNA:

Tsunami-tracking Utilities aNd Application

PMU:

Transmission main intake

SSU:

Main distribution substation

PPU:

Main switching station

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to acknowledge technical and financial support from College of Graduate School, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Malaysia. The authors would also like to acknowledge technical support from School of Mathematical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, The Energy Sphere, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Assets Planning and Operation, Distribution Network Division, Tenaga Nasional Berhad, Malaysia, and access to data from Department of Survey and Mapping Malaysia (JUPEM), and National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).

Funding

This research was funded by Universiti Tenaga Nasional, grant number U-TG-CR-18–03.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, 43000, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia

    Nurul Natasha Nabila Naim & Nurul Hani Mardi

  2. Institute of Sustainable Energy, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, 43000, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia

    Marlinda Abdul Malek

  3. School of Mathematical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, USM, 11800, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia

    Su Yean Teh

  4. Land and Asset Mapping, Asset Planning and Operation, Distribution Network Division, Tenaga Nasional Berhad (DN TNB), Kajang, Malaysia

    Mohd Azwan Wil & Abd Halim Shuja

  5. Institute of Energy Infrastructure (IEI), Universiti Tenaga Nasional (UNITEN), 43000, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia

    Ali Najah Ahmed

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  1. Nurul Natasha Nabila Naim
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Contributions

Conceptualization: Nurul Natasha Nabila Naim, Nurul Hani Mardi, M. A. Malek, Su Yean Teh; methodology: Nurul Natasha Nabila Naim, Nurul Hani Mardi, Su Yean Teh; formal analysis and investigation: Nurul Natasha Nabila Naim, Nurul Hani Mardi, Su Yean Teh, M. A. Malek; writing—original draft preparation: Nurul Natasha Nabila Naim, Nurul Hani Mardi, Su Yean Teh, M. A. Malek; writing—review and editing: Nurul Natasha Nabila Naim, Nurul Hani Mardi, Ali Najah Ahmed; funding acquisition: Ali Najah Ahmed, M. A. Malek; resources: Mohd Azwan Wil, Abd Halim Shuja, M. A. Malek; supervision: Nurul Hani Mardi, M. A. Malek.

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Correspondence to Nurul Natasha Nabila Naim.

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Naim, N.N.N., Mardi, N.H., Malek, M.A. et al. Tsunami inundation maps for the northwest of Peninsular Malaysia and demarcation of affected electrical assets. Environ Monit Assess 193, 405 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-021-09179-8

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