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Removal of sulfamethoxazole antibiotic from aqueous solutions by silver@reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite

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Abstract

In the present study, the synthesizing of silver@reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite, through a facile precipitation method, is reported. In this method, in the synthesizing step, reduced graphene oxide was applied as a support, silver acetate as a precursor of Ag0, and sodium hydroxide as a medium for reducing procedure. Then synthesized particles were characterized by using transmission electron microscopy analysis, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, field emission scanning microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray, and X-ray diffraction. Adsorbent potentials of the prepared nanocomposite were evaluated for sulfamethoxazole removal from polluted aqueous solutions via two different experimental methods, namely, “one-at-a-time” and “central composite design”. The given results from the one-at-a-time method confirms that 0.007 g of silver@reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite can remove 88% (188.57 mg/g) of sulfamethoxazole from a 0.05 dm3 solution (initial concentration 30 mg/dm3) at pH = 5 after 3600 s’ contact time. However, in the central composite design method, the optimum condition was 95% (79.17 mg/g) uptake of this drug from 0.05 dm3 of polluted solution with initial concentration of 30 mg/dm3 and pH = 7.5, using 0.018 g of the adsorbent in 3600 s. The main mechanism for sulfamethoxazole removal can be suggested as a suitable interaction between S atoms in functional groups in the drug and Ag atoms on the surface of nanoparticles. The pseudo-second-order patterns and Freundlich model described the empirical data isotherm and kinetics for the adsorption processes, respectively. The maximum adsorption capacity by experimental and theoretical isotherm methods (Langmuir) obtained 250 and 357 mg/g, respectively. Efficiency of the adsorbent in treatment of SMX from real samples displayed less hardness and electrical conductance samples have the maximum uptake percent while existence of nitrate ions in the solutions did not induce any negative effect on the removal of the SMX. All obtained results indicated loading of Ag nanoparticles on rGO nanosheets is an effective strategy for SMX uptake with high proficiency and shows great promise as pollutant adsorbent for environmental applications.

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Acknowledgments

The Alborz Darou Pharmaceutical Company is acknowledged for their kind cooperation and offer of the utilized pharmaceuticals in this project. The authors also especially appreciate the contributions of students and members of the Environmental Science Research Laboratory, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran, in this research.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Organic Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, 45371-38791, Iran

    Mina Keshvardoostchokami & Farideh Piri

  2. Environmental Science Research Laboratory, Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, 45371-38791, Iran

    Mina Keshvardoostchokami, Soraya Rasooli, Abbasali Zamani & Abdolhosein Parizanganeh

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  1. Mina Keshvardoostchokami
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  2. Soraya Rasooli
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  3. Abbasali Zamani
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Correspondence to Mina Keshvardoostchokami or Abbasali Zamani.

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Keshvardoostchokami, M., Rasooli, S., Zamani, A. et al. Removal of sulfamethoxazole antibiotic from aqueous solutions by silver@reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite. Environ Monit Assess 191, 374 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-019-7494-0

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