Abstract
This work reports changes on cell number, growth rate, trace element content, chlorophyll a (Chl a) and carotenoid concentrations, and laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) spectra of Phaeodactylum tricornutum exposed to Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Hg, Pb, and a mixture of all elements combined (Mix). The total levels of trace elements associated with the cells were significantly higher in the exposed than in control ones. Concomitantly, specific cell growth was significantly lower in exposed P. tricornutum, suggesting that trace elements affected the microalgae physiology. The LIF emission spectra showed two typical emission bands in red (683–698 nm) and far-red (725–730 nm) regions. Deviations in LIF spectra and changes in F685/F735 ratio were investigated as indicators of trace element-induced changes. Fluorescence intensity emitted by exposed microalgae decreased in far-red region when compared to control cells, suggesting Chl a damage and impairment of pigment biosynthesis pathways by trace elements, confirmed by Chl a and carotenoid concentration decrease. Significant increase in F685/F735 ratio was detected for all elements except Zn and more accentuated for Co, Hg, and Mix. Significant deviations in wavelength emission maxima in red region were also more significant (between 8 and 13 nm) for Co, Hg, and Mix. Growth changes agreed with deviations in LIF spectra and F685/F735 ratio, supporting their applicability as indicators. This study clearly shows F685/F735 ratio and the deviations in wavelength emission maxima as adequate trace element stress indicators and P. tricornutum as a promising biomonitor model species. LIF-based techniques can be used as time-saving, highly sensitive, and effective alternative tool for the detection of trace element stress, with potential for remote sensing and trace element contamination screening in marine coastal areas.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aggarwal, A., Sharma, I., Tripathi, B.N., Munjal, A.K., Baunthiyal, M., & Sharma, V. (2012). Metal toxicity and Photosynthesis. In S. Itoh, P. Mohanty, K.N. Guruprasad (Eds.), Photosynthesis: overviews on recent progress and future perspectives (pp. 229–236), Chapter 6.
Apostol, S., Viau, A. A., Tremblay, N., Briantais, J.-M., Prasher, S., Parent, L.-E., & Moya, I. (2003). Laser-induced fluorescence signatures as a tool for remote monitoring of water and nitrogen stresses in plants. Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing, 29(1), 57–65.
Baker, N. R. (2008). Chlorophyll fluorescence: a probe of photosynthesis in vivo. Annual Review of Plant Biology, 59, 89–113.
Barbini, R., Colao, F., Fantoni, R., Micheli, C., Palucci, A., & Ribezzo, S. (1998). Design and application of a lidar fluorosensor system for remote monitoring of phytoplankton. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 55, 793–802.
Brand, L. E., Sunda, W. G., & Guillard, R. R. L. (1986). Reduction of marine phytoplankton reproduction rates by copper and cadmium. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 96, 225–250.
Buschmann, C. (2007). Variability and application of the chlorophyll fluorescence emission ratio red/far-red of leaves. Photosynthesis Research, 92, 261–271.
Cabrita, M. T., Raimundo, J., Pereira, P., & Vale, C. (2014). Immobilised Phaeodactylum tricornutum as biomonitor of trace element availability in the water column during dredging. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 21(5), 3572–2581.
Cid, A., Herrero, C., Torres, E., & Abalde, J. (1995). Copper toxicity on the marine microalga Phaeodactylum tricornutum: effects on photosynthesis and related parameters. Aquatic Toxicology, 31, 165–174.
Cid, A., Torres, E., Herrero, C., & Abalde, J. E. (1997). Disorders provoked by copper in the marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum in short-time exposure assays. Cahiers de Biologie Marine, 38, 201–206.
Cotté-Krieff, M.-H., Guieu, C., Thomas, A. J., & Martin, J.-M. (2000). Sources of Cd, Cu, Ni and Zn in Portuguese coastal waters. Marine Chemistry, 71, 199–214.
D’Ambrosio, N., Szábo, K., & Lichtenthaler, H. K. (1992). Increase of the chlorophyll fluorescence ratio F690/F735 during the autumnal chlorophyll breakdown. Radiation and Environmental Biophysics, 31, 51–62.
Dahn, H. G., Günther, K. P., & Lüdeker, W. (1992). Characterization of drought stress of maize and wheat canopies by means of resolved laser induced fluorescence. EARSel Advances in Remote Sensing, 1(2-II), 12–19.
Davison, W., & Zhang, H. (1994). In situ speciation measurements of trace components in natural waters using thin-film gels. Nature, 367, 546–548.
De Filippis, L. F., & Pallaghy, C. K. (1976). The effect a sublethal concentration of mercury and zinc on Chlorella. I. Growth characteristic and uptake of metals. Zeitschrift für Pflanzenphysiologie, 78, 197–207.
De Filippis, L. F., & Pallaghy, C. K. (1994). Heavy metals: sources and biological effects. In L. C. Rai & J. P. Gaur (Eds.), Advances in limnology series: algae and water pollution (pp. 31–77). Stuttgart: E. Scheizerbartsche Press.
Deng, C. N., Zhang, D. Y., Pan, X. L., Chang, F. Q., & Wang, S. Z. (2013). Toxic effects of mercury on PSI and PSII activities, membrane potential and transthylakoid proton gradient in Microsorium pteropus. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, 127(5), 1–7.
Doney, S. C. (2010). The growing human footprint on coastal and open-ocean biogeochemistry. Science, 328, 1512–1516.
Eggleton, J., & Thomas, K. V. (2004). A review of factors affecting the release and bioavailability of contaminants during sediment disturbance events. Environment International, 30, 973–980.
Fisher, N. S. (1981). On the selection for heavy metal tolerance in diatoms from the Derwent Estuary, Tasmania. Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 32, 555–561.
Franck, F., Juneau, P., & Popovic, R. (2002). Resolution of the photosystem I and photosystem II contributions to chlorophyll fluorescence of intact leaves at room temperature. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1556, 239–246.
González-Dávila, M. (1995). The role of phytoplankton cells on the control of heavy metal concentration in seawater. Marine Chemistry, 48(3–4), 215–236.
Govindjee. (1995). Sixty-three years since Kautsky: chlorophyll a fluorescence. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology, 22, 131–160.
Guillard, R. R. L., & Ryther, J. H. (1962). Studies on marine planktonic diatoms, I. Cyclotella nana Hustedt and Detonula confervaceae (Cleve) Gran. Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 8(2), 229–239.
Hannan, P. J., & Patouillet, C. (1972). Effect of mercury on algal growth rates. Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 14, 93–101.
Horvatić, J., & Peršić, V. (2007). The Effect of Ni2+, Co2+, Zn2+, Cd2+ and Hg2+ on the growth rate of marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum Bohlin: microplate growth inhibition test. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 79, 494–498.
Irmer, G. (1985). Zum einfluß der apparatefunktion auf die bestimmung von streuquerschnitten und lebensdauern aus optischen phononenspektren. Experimentelle Technik der Physik, 33, 501–506.
Jakimska, A., Konieczka, P., Skóra, K., & Namieśnik, J. (2011). Bioaccumulation of metals in tissues of marine animals, Part I: the role and impact of heavy metals on organisms. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 20(5), 1117–1125.
Kumar, K. S., Dahms, H.-U., Lee, J.-S., Kim, H. C., Lee, W. C., & Shin, K.-H. (2014). Algal photosynthetic responses to toxic metals and herbicides assessed by chlorophyll a fluorescence. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 104, 51–71.
Küpper, H., Küpper, F., & Spiller, M. (1996). Environmental relevance of heavy metal substituted chlorophylls using the example of water plants. Journal of Experimental Botany, 47(295), 259–266.
Küpper, H., Setlik, I., Spiller, M., Küpper, F. C., & Prasil, O. (2002). Heavy-metal-induced inhibition of photosynthesis: targets of in vivo heavy metal chlorophyll formation. Journal of Phycology, 38, 429–441.
Lavrov, A., Utkin, A. B., Marques da Silva, J., Vilar, R., Santos, N. M., & Alves, B. (2012). Water stress assessment of cork oak leaves and maritime pine needles bases on LIF spectra. Optics and Spectroscopy, 112, 271–279.
Le Faucheur, S., Campbell, P. G. C., Fortin, C., & Slaveykova, V. (2014). Interactions between mercury and phytoplankton: speciation, bioavailability, and internal handling. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 33(6), 1211–1224.
Lichtenthaler, H. K., & Rinderle, U. (1988). The role of chlorophyll fluorescence in the detection of stress conditions in plants. CRC Critical Reviews in Analytical Chemistry, 19, S29–S85.
Lichtenthaler, H. K., Lang, M., Sowinska, M., Heisel, F., & Miehé, J. A. (1996). Detection of vegetation stress via a new high resolution fluorescence imaging system. Journal of Plant Physiology, 148(5), 599–612.
Machado, M. D., & Soares, E. V. (2014). Modification of cell volume and proliferative capacity of Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata cells exposed to metal stress. Aquatic Toxicology, 147, 1–6.
Markina, Z. V., & Aizdaicher, N. A. (2006). Content of photosynthetic pigments, growth, and cell size of microalgae Phaeodactylum tricornutum in the copper-polluted environment. Russian Journal of Plant Physiology, 53(3), 305–309.
Maurya, R., & Gopal, R. (2008). Laser-induced fluorescence ratios of Cajanus cajan L. Under the stress of cadmium and its correlation with pigment content and pigment ratios. Applied Spectroscopy, 62(4), 433–438.
Maurya, R., Prasad, S. M., & Gopal, R. (2008). LIF technique offers the potential for the detection of cadmium-induced alteration in photosynthetic activities of Zea mays L. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology C Photochemistry Reviews, 9, 29–35.
Mishra, K. B., & Gopal, R. (2005). Laser induced fluorescence spectra of leaves of wheat seedlings growing under cadmium stress. General and Applied Plant Physiology, 31, 181–196.
Moreira, E. G., Vassilieff, I., & Vassilieff, V. S. (2001). Developmental lead exposure. Behavioral alterations in the short and long term. Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 23, 489–495.
Nyholm, N., & Källqvist, T. (1989). Methods for growth inhibition toxicity tests with freshwater algae. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 8(8), 689–703.
OECD, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Freshwater algal and cyanobacteria, growth inhibition test - test guideline 201 (2002). OECD Guidelines for the testing of chemicals, Paris, France, 1(2), 1–25.
Pan, K., & Wang, W.-X. (2012). Trace metal contamination in estuarine and coastal environments in China. Science of the Total Environment, 421–422, 3–16.
Pandey, J. K., & Gopal, R. (2011). Laser-induced chlorophyll fluorescence and reflectance spectroscopy of cadmium treated Triticum aestivum L. Plants. Spectroscopy: An International Journal, 26(2), 129–139.
Pfϋndel, E. (1998). Estimating the contribution of photosystem I to total leaf chlorophyll fluorescence. Photosynthesis Research, 56, 185–195E.
Reed, R. H., & Gadd, G. M. (1989). Metal tolerance in eukaryotic and prokaryotic algae. In A. J. Shaw (Ed.), Heavy metal tolerance in plants: evolutionary aspects (pp. 105–118). Boca Raton: CRC Press.
Rogers, S. I., & Greenaway, B. A. (2005). UK perspective on the development of marine ecosystem indicators. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 50, 9–19.
Scarano, G., & Morelli, E. (2003). Properties of phytochelatin-coated CdS nanocrystallites formed in a marine phytoplanktonic alga (Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Bohlin) in response to Cd. Plant Science, 165, 803–810.
Schuerger, A. C., Capelle, G. A., Di Benedetto, J. A., Mao, C., Chi, N., Mark, T., Evans, D., Richards, J. T., Blank, T. A., & Stryjewski, E. C. (2003). Comparison of two hyperspectral imaging and two laser-induced fluorescence instruments for the detection of zinc stress and chlorophyll concentration in bahia grass (Paspalum notatum Flugge.). Remote Sensing of Environment, 84, 572–588.
Smith, C. L., Steele, J. E., Stauber, J. L., Dianne, F., & Jolley, D. F. (2014). Copper-induced changes in intracellular thiols in two marine diatoms: Phaeodactylum tricornutum and Ceratoneis closterium. Aquatic Toxicology, 156, 211–220.
Strickland, J. D. H., & Parsons, T. R. (1968). A practical handbook of seawater analysis. Ottawa: Fisheries Research Board of Canada Bulletin, 167. 311 pp.
Subhash, N., & Mohanan, C. N. (1997). Curve fit analysis of chlorophyll fluorescence spectra: application to nutrient stress detection in sunflower. Remote Sensing of Environment, 60, 347–356.
Sunda, W. G. (1989). Trace metal interactions with marine phytoplankton. Biological Oceanography, 6(5–6), 411–442.
Sunda, W. G., & Huntsman, S. A. (1998). Processes regulating cellular metal accumulation and physiological effects: phytoplankton as model systems. Science of the Total Environment, 219(2–3), 165–181.
Thomas, W. H., Hollibaugh, J. T., Seibert, D. L. R., & Wallace, G. T., Jr. (1980). Toxicity of a mixture of ten metals to phytoplankton. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 2, 213–220.
Torres, E., Cid, A., Fidalgo, P., Herrero, C., & Abalde, J. (1997). Long-chain class III metallothioneins as a mechanism of cadmium tolerance in the marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum Bohlin. Aquatic Toxicology, 39, 231–246.
Tortell, P. D., & Price, N. M. (1996). Cadmium toxicity and zinc limitation in centric diatoms of the genus Thalassiosira. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 138, 245–254.
Vieira, S., Utkin, A. B., Lavrov, A., Santos, N. M., Vilar, R., Marques da Silva, J., & Cartaxana, P. (2011). Effects of intertidal microphytobenthos migration on biomass determination via laser-induced fluorescence. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 432, 45–52.
Watanabe, T., Machida, K., Suzuki, H., Kobayashi, M., & Honda, K. (1985). Photoelectrochemistry of metallochlorophylls. Coordination Chemistry Reviews, 64, 207–224.
Wollman, F. A. (2001). State transitions reveal the dynamics and flexibility of the photosynthetic apparatus. EMBO Journal, 20(14), 3623–3630.
Zhang, H., & Davison, W. (1995). Performance characteristics of diffusion gradients in thin-film for the in situ measurement of trace-metalin aqueous solution. Analytical Chemistry, 67, 3391–3400.
Zhang, H., & Davison, W. (1999). Diffusional characteristics of hydrogels used in DGT and DET techniques. Analytica Chimica Acta, 398, 329–340.
Acknowledgments
M.T. Cabrita express appreciation for the support from the “Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia” (FCT), through Grant No. SFRH/BPD/50348/2009. C. Gameiro and this work were also funded by the Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT, Portugal) within the framework of the project BenthicLIF-Estuarine phytobenthic communities studied by laser induced fluorescence (PTDC/MAR/117929/2010). The authors would like to thank the anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments, which helped improve the manuscript.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Cabrita, M.T., Gameiro, C., Utkin, A.B. et al. Photosynthetic pigment laser-induced fluorescence indicators for the detection of changes associated with trace element stress in the diatom model species Phaeodactylum tricornutum . Environ Monit Assess 188, 285 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-016-5293-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-016-5293-4