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Contamination and risk surveillance of potentially toxic elements in different land-use urban soils of Osogbo, Southwestern Nigeria

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Abstract

The concentrations of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) and their contamination indices were determined in urban soil from five different land-use zones, namely municipal solid waste landfill (MWL), industrial area (INA), heavy traffic area (TRA), residential area with commercial activities (RCA), and farmland (FAL) in Osogbo Metropolis. Ecological and human health risk assessments were also evaluated. Based on the average concentrations, the highest values of As, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, V, and Zn were found at INA, while the maximum concentrations of Ba, Cd, and Co were observed at MWL. The average enrichment factor (EF) values of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn showed very high to extremely high enrichment in the soils of INA, MWL, TRA, and RCA, while the EF values of Ba, Co, Cr, Fe, Ni, and V were significantly to moderately enriched in the aforementioned land-use zones. This trend was consistent with the average contamination factor (Cf) values of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn, which indicated considerable to very high contamination at INA, MWL, TRA, and RCA. However, Cf values of Ba, Co, Cr, Fe, Ni, and V had moderate contamination variously at the different land-use zones. Furthermore, the potential ecological risk factor (Eri) values for all the PTEs were < 40, which indicated low Eri, except for Cd and to some extent Pb. The Eri value of Cd was high to very high at MWL, INA, TRA, and RCA, and low at FAL, while Eri of Pb was only moderate at INA. Assessment of health quotient (HQ) of non-carcinogenic health risks was within acceptable limit (< 1) for most of the PTEs in the different zones for adults and children, except the maximum HQ value of Pb at INA (HQ = 1.0), which was beyond the acceptable limit for children. The carcinogenic risk was within the acceptable limit (1.0 × 10−6) in all the zones, except INA. This may pose health challenges to children in the vicinity of the pollution sources. Continuous monitoring of PTEs to reduce exposure to PTE should be considered.

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Data availability

All inquiries on data availability to be sent to tesleem.kolawole@uniosun.edu.ng.

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Funding

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Geological Sciences, Osun State University, Osogbo, Nigeria

    Tesleem O. Kolawole & Jerry O. Olajide-Kayode

  2. Department of Earth Sciences, Federal University, Oye, Nigeria

    Charles A. Oyelami

  3. Department of Earth Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria

    Mustapha T. Jimoh

  4. Atmospheric Chemistry Department, Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Leipzig, Germany

    Khanneh W. Fomba

  5. Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Osun State University, Osogbo, Nigeria

    Adebanjo J. Anifowose

  6. Department of Microbiology, Osun State University, Osogbo, Nigeria

    Sunday B. Akinde

Authors
  1. Tesleem O. Kolawole
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  2. Charles A. Oyelami
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  3. Jerry O. Olajide-Kayode
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  4. Mustapha T. Jimoh
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  5. Khanneh W. Fomba
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  6. Adebanjo J. Anifowose
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  7. Sunday B. Akinde
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Contributions

Dr. Tesleem O. Kolawole, the first and corresponding author designed the study, took part in the fieldwork, data analysis, data interpretation, and wrote the manuscript, while Dr. Charles A. Oyelami, the second author, also designed this work, the fieldwork, and the manuscript review. Dr. Jerry O. Olajide-Kayode, the third author took part in the fieldwork and wrote some part of the manuscript . Dr. M. T. Jimoh took part in data analysis, fieldwork, and manuscript review. Dr. K.Wadinga Fomba assisted in designing the research, some data interpretation, and reviewed the manuscript, Dr. Adebanjo J Anifowoshe and Prof. Sunday B. Akinde assisted in analyzing samples and also reviewed the manuscript in the performance and validations of human health risk assessment results.

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Correspondence to Tesleem O. Kolawole.

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Kolawole, T.O., Oyelami, C.A., Olajide-Kayode, J.O. et al. Contamination and risk surveillance of potentially toxic elements in different land-use urban soils of Osogbo, Southwestern Nigeria. Environ Geochem Health 45, 4603–4629 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-023-01518-7

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